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Awareness of Antimicrobial Prophylaxis for Infective Endocarditis Among Dental Students and Interns at a Teaching Hospital in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Abstract
Introduction : Infective endocarditis is a serious infection of the heart endothelium and valves. It carries long-term health risks and compromises the heart condition. However, this condition has been rarely observed since the introduction of appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis. Dentists play a major role in preventing infective endocarditis in susceptible patients. In this study, we assessed the levels of awareness about antibiotic prophylaxis for infective endocarditis among students and young dentists at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Methods : This cross-sectional study included 367 dental students and dental interns who answered a questionnaire designed to assess their awareness levels; it included questions pertaining to demographic information and questions examining the general knowledge of the participants with regard to antibiotic prophylaxis for infective endocarditis. Results : An average of 50% of the participants clearly lacked knowledge regarding the conditions that require antibiotic prophylaxis, while an average of 65% provided correct answers pertaining to the conditions that do not require prophylaxis. Regarding dental procedures that require prophylaxis, the majority of responses were correct with an average of 71.2%. With regard to the type of antibiotic to be prescribed, 63.5% of the participants chose to prescribe 2 g of amoxicillin as a first-line antibiotic. Conclusion : The results of this study showed that the levels of awareness about antibiotic prophylaxis for infective endocarditis are below 100%. Awareness is essential because of the cardiac risks associated with the lack of appropriate treatment. Up-to-date and accurate knowledge is mandatory for all dental students and interns who see and treat patients on a daily basis.
INTRODUCTION
Infective endocarditis (IE) is an infection of the endocardium caused by bacteria or fungi. It is a serious disease with a significant risk of morbidity and mortality [1]. Patients at risk of developing this disease include those with prosthetic heart valves, congenital heart defects, or a recent history of IE [1]. Bacterial endocarditis can occur following bacteraemia in patients with predisposing cardiac lesions [2].
The administration of prophylactic antibiotics before any interventional procedure that may lead to transient bacteraemia in patients at risk has been an accepted practice over the past 50 years [2]; however; the benefits of these antibiotics remain controversial. The guidelines of the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy and the American Heart Association (AHA) debate the need for prophylactic antibiotics by highlighting the prevalence of bacteraemia that arises from daily activities such as tooth brushing, the lack of an association between episodes of IE and prior interventional procedures, and the lack of efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis regimens [3, 4].
According to the AHA guidelines, individuals who are at risk of developing IE following an invasive dental procedure still benefit from antibiotic prophylaxis, while the guidelines of the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence in England and Wales recommend that prophylactic antibiotic treatment is no longer required for any at-risk patient. Bacteraemia following daily routines such as eating and tooth brushing may be a greater risk factor for the development of IE than the transient bacteraemia that follows an invasive dental procedure [5].
A recent study in 2012 showed no significant increase in the prevalence of IE caused by Streptococcus viridans in the United States after publication of the 2007 AHA guidelines that markedly restricted the use of antibiotic prophylaxis in certain at-risk patients undergoing dental and other invasive procedures [6]. Unfortunately, data and information regarding the prevalence of IE in Saudi Arabia is sparse [7]. A previous study conducted with the dental staff at Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia concluded that although most of the staff members followed the AHA guidelines, several did not. It also emphasized the need for continuous education on this critical topic [8].
To emphasize the importance of acquiring high-level and up-to-date knowledge of this subject, we conducted a literature search to identify medical topics that are of high importance for dental students and found a recent survey involving dentists and interns that was conducted to identify internal medicine topics that are the most relevant for dental education. Coagulopathy and endocarditis were rated the highest by the dentists, while anaphylaxis was rated the highest by the interns. The largest number of different internal diseases mentioned by the dentists and interns could be categorized into cardiovascular diseases [9]. This shows the importance of thorough knowledge of recent guidelines regarding antibiotic prophylaxis for IE and cardiac problems in general, although the relevance of these topics should be confirmed by larger quantitative studies performed to develop guidelines related to the specific learning objectives for internal medicine in the dental curriculum.
From the above-mentioned perspectives, we conducted this study to evaluate the levels of awareness regarding antibiotic prophylaxis for IE among fourth, fifth, and final year students and interns (during the first clinical year after graduation from the dental school, dental interns work under supervision from faculty members) at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Unlike previous studies that mainly targeted dental staff and general dentists [8, 10-12], our study is the first, to the best of our knowledge, to include dental students and interns.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Our study adopted a cross-sectional design including a sample of 367 dental students and interns from the Faculty of Dentistry at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The students belonged to the fourth, fifth and final years, which are the clinical years of the course. All participants answered a questionnaire to determine their knowledge regarding antibiotic prophylaxis for IE prior to dental treatment. Ethical approval and a waiver of consent were obtained from the Ethical Committee of the Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University.
A structured questionnaire was designed and developed on the basis of a thorough literature review [2-4, 8, 10]. It was divided into five sections assessing different categories as follows: demographic data, including age, gender, specialty, and level of education; participants’ awareness regarding the necessity of prescribing antibiotics for different cardiac conditions; participants’ awareness of dental procedures that need antibiotic prophylaxis; knowledge of the type and dose of antibiotic to be prescribed, assessed using direct questions, and the participants’ source of information, assessed using a direct question. The AHA guidelines were used as a reference to compare our results against [4], because the faculty of Dentistry at King Abdulaziz University follows these international guidelines.
Each participant received a questionnaire with a brief description about the research as well as its importance. Verbal informed consent was obtained before study initiation. Then, the students and interns received the questionnaires in classrooms during break times. The questionnaire was distributed by the authors. In total, 500 questionnaires were prepared, of which 394 were answered; the remaining participants were engaged in other activities during form distribution. Of the 394, 27 questionnaires had one or more incomplete responses and were excluded. Eventually, 367 completed questionnaires were included in the study.
Data were entered into the Statistical package SPSS 15.00 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). To simplify the results, some categories were grouped as correct and incorrect answers. Descriptive statistics in the form of frequencies and means were calculated for all study variables.
RESULTS
Of the 367 participants, 47.7% were male (n = 175) and 52.3% were female (n = 192). There were 113 (30.8%) interns, with 11 being graduates from other Egyptian universities and one being a graduate from a Jordan university. Among the students, 27.5% (n = 101) were in their fourth year, 24.3% (n = 89) were in their fifth year, and 17.4% (n = 64) were in their final year. With regard to participant age, 7.6% (n = 28) were 20 years old, 68% (n = 251) were 22 years old, and 24% (n = 88) were 24–26 years old. The participant characteristics are summarized in Table 1.
Participant characteristics.
| Gender | Age Groups | Education Year | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | Female | 20 years | 22 years | 24-26 years | 4th year | 5th year | 6th year | Intern | |
| No. | 175 | 192 | 28 | 251 | 88 | 101 | 89 | 64 | 113 |
| % | 47.7 | 52.3 | 7.6% | 68% | 24% | 27.5% | 24.3% | 17.4% | 30.8% |
A breakdown of the participants’ responses to the first section regarding their knowledge of cardiac conditions that require prophylactic antibiotics.
| Ten cardiac conditions included in the survey | Responses | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Correct | Incorrect | I don’t Know | |||
| Conditions that require prescription of prophylactic antibiotics according to the AHA guidelines | |||||
| Prosthetic cardiac valves | 61% (225) | 33.5% (123) | 5.2% (19) | ||
| Previous infective endocarditis | 62.1% (228) | 33.8% (124) | 4.1% (15) | ||
| Completely repaired CHDs with prosthetic materials or devices during the first 6 months after the procedure | 55% (202) | 33.8% (124) | 11.2% (41) | ||
| Residual defects after repair of CHDs | 41.4% (152) | 43.1% (158) | 15.5% (57) | ||
| Untreated cyanotic congenital heart disease | 42%(157) | 34.6% (127) | 22.6% (83) | ||
| Use of prosthetic materials for cardiac valve repair | 44.7% (164) | 37.3 (137) | 18% (66) | ||
| Cardiac transplantation recipients who develop cardiac valvulopathy | 54% (200) | 28.1%(103) | 17.4% (64) | ||
| Conditions that do not require prophylactic antibiotics according to the AHA guidelines | |||||
| Repaired CHDs with no residual defects at the site | 70.3 (258) | 8.2% (30) | 21.5% (79) | ||
| Heart murmurs | 70.6 (259) | 6.8% (25) | 22.6% (83) | ||
| Heart failure | 59.9% (220) | 15.8% (58) | 24.3% (89) | ||
AHA, American heart association; CHDs, congenital heart defect
A breakdown of the participants’ responses to the second section regarding their knowledge of dental procedures requiring prophylactic antibiotics.
| Dental procedures | Responses | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Correct | Incorrect | I don’t Know | |
| Procedures that do not require antibiotic prophylaxis according to the AHA guidelines | |||
| Supra-gingival scaling | 86% (319) | 9.5% (35) | 3.5% (13) |
| Class II fillings | 60.5% (222) | 30.5% (112) | 9% (33) |
| Crown preparation | 75.5% (277) | 18.8% (69) | 5.7% (21) |
| Root canal treatment | 35.1% (129) | 61.3% (225) | 3.5% (13) |
| Routine anaesthetic injections through non-infected tissue | 75.5% (277) | 18.8% (69) | 5.7% (21) |
| Dental radiography | 95.5% (352) | 2.2% (8) | 1.9% (7) |
| Placement of removable prosthodontic or orthodontic appliances | 80.9% (297) | 9.8% (36) | 9.3% (34) |
| Adjustment of orthodontic appliances | 70.3% (258) | 18.3% (67) | 11.4% (42) |
| Placement of orthodontic brackets | 65.4% (240) | 25.3% (93) | 9.3% (34) |
| Shedding of deciduous teeth | 76% (279) | 3.3.% (12) | 20.7% (76) |
| Bleeding from trauma to the lips or oral mucosa | 41% (152) | 45.5% (167) | 13.1% (48) |
| Procedures that require antibiotic prophylaxis according to the AHA guidelines | |||
| Forceps extractions | 75.5% (277) | 18.3% (67) | 5.8% (23) |
| Implant placement | 75.2% (276) | 13.9% (51) | 10.9% (40) |
| Sub-gingival scaling | 70.3% (258) | 22.6% (83) | 7.1% (26) |
| Surgical extractions | 86.4% (317) | 9.8% (36) | 3.8% (14) |
The response rate (75%) was very high; this might reflect the simplicity of the questionnaire design. As stated in the methods section, the questionnaire included three main sections; the first one assessed the participants’ knowledge of cardiac conditions that require antibiotic prophylaxis, the second assessed the knowledge of dental procedures that require prior antibiotic prophylaxis in cardiac patients, and the third section assessed the knowledge of antibiotic doses and alternatives.
Ten different cardiac conditions were included in the survey as shown in Table 2. The results were divided according to conditions requiring or not requiring antibiotic prophylaxis according to the AHA guidelines. The total percentages of correct, incorrect and “I don’t know” responses were calculated for each condition. An average of 50% (41.4%–62%) of the participants clearly lacked knowledge regarding the conditions that require antibiotic prophylaxis, while 65% (59%–70.6%) provided correct answers pertaining to the conditions that do not require prophylaxis.
A total of 15 different dental procedures were mentioned in the second section, and the participants were questioned if these procedures required prior antibiotic prophylaxis according to the AHA guidelines. Table 3 shows the percentage of responses for each procedure; the majority of responses were correct.
With regard to the third section of the questionnaire, 63.5% (n = 234) of the participants chose to prescribe 2 g of amoxicillin as a first-line antibiotic.
The last question was regarding the knowledge source of the participants: 27.8% (n = 102) used internet resources, 71.9% (n = 264) used the knowledge gained through lectures attended during under-graduation, and 34.3% (n = 126) used knowledge obtained through information sharing with colleagues. All participants in this study reported the use of the AHA guidelines.
DISCUSSION
IE is a rare illness with a poor prognosis [13]. Considering the morbidity and the cost of treatment associated with the disease, dentists should have thorough and accurate knowledge of preventive measures. With regard to antibiotic prophylaxis before dental intervention, different guidelines have been followed in different countries, with the most followed international guidelines being the National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines [2] and the AHA guidelines.
The dental school at King Abdulaziz University teaches the AHA guidelines to under-graduates and ensures that all employees follow the same guideline. In the present study, we assessed the level of awareness about antibiotic prophylaxis for IE among fourth, fifth, and final year dental students, who see and treat patients on a daily basis, as well as dental interns. All participants were students or interns at King Abdulaziz University; only 12 interns had graduated from other universities in Egypt and Jordan. Our questionnaire was short and quick, and this was reflected by the high response rate of the participants (75%). Furthermore, all the included interns were motivated because of the importance of the subject and its impact on patient care. The number of female participants in this study was higher (52.3% vs. 47.7%), and this is because the number of female students in all academic years in our school is higher. The age range of the participants was 20–26 years, consistent with the levels of education, with 68% participants aged 22 years.
Our results showed that all participants reported the use of the AHA guidelines. This was expected because all the health-care facilities and dental schools in Saudi Arabia use these guidelines. A total of 71.9% (n = 264) of the participants reported that they gained their knowledge of this subject through lectures or clinical training conducted during the under-graduate course. This can be explained by the fact that all our participants were students or interns. The remaining 27.8% (n = 102) used internet resources and 34.3% (126) gained their knowledge through information-sharing with colleagues.
With regard to the first section of our questionnaire, two-thirds of the participants were aware that patients with prosthetic heart valves and previous IE do need antibiotic prophylaxis prior to dental treatment, while only 41%–55% showed awareness regarding the requirements for cases involving surgically repaired or unrepaired congenital heart defects. This was probably because the guidelines were recently revised and recommended that congenital conditions no longer require antibiotic prophylaxis, while guidelines for the first two conditions remained unchanged. A small percentage of participants (11%–22%) were unsure of their answers. With regard to heart murmurs, 70.6% participants provided correct answers, while only 59.9% provided correct answers with regard to heart failure, probably because of revision of the old guidelines.
With regard to the second section, the majority of participants (75%-86%) correctly reported that forceps extractions, implant placement, sub-gingival scaling, and surgical extractions require prior antibiotic prophylaxis. Although the majority of participants (84%) provided correct answers in this section, several provided incorrect answers for root canal treatment (n = 61; 3%), possibly because of confusion regarding periapical involvement and pulp exposure.
As stated previously, bacteraemia following daily routines such as eating and tooth brushing may be a greater risk factor for the development of IE than the transient bacteraemia that follows an invasive dental procedure [5]; this led to the recent changes in the AHA guidelines. Dentists and health-care professionals are obliged to update their knowledge regarding this subject to maintain high standards of care. Dentists should always follow the guidelines that are enforced in their hospitals. The results of our study were similar to those of another study conducted at Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia [8], although the previous study included dental staff members rather than students or interns. The authors recommended that nationally standardized guidelines should be discussed and implemented across the kingdom to ensure that all students and patients receive the most appropriate and acceptable treatment modalities [7].
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
The results of this study showed that the levels of awareness about antibiotic prophylaxis for IE have not reached 100% among dental students and interns. Considering the importance of good knowledge about antibiotic prophylaxis for IE prior to dental treatment and the cardiac risks associated with the lack of appropriate treatment, 100% accurate knowledge should be mandatory for all dental students and interns who deal with patients on a daily basis. Guidelines should be reinforced several times in the under-graduate years as well as during internship. This can be achieved through continuous lectures or seminars. In addition, students and interns must be assessed for their knowledge at different levels and all staff members (lecturers and professors) must remain updated.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors confirm that there are no conflicts of interest associated with this publication. There has been no significant financial support that could have influenced the outcome of this study. This project was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah under grant No. 287-254-1434.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This project was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah under grant No. 287-254-1434. The authors acknowledge this technical and financial support.
