RESEARCH ARTICLE


Effect of Orthophosphoric Acid and Er:YAG Laser Etching on Micro-shear Bond Strength to Enamel: An In Vitro Pilot Study



Ludovica Zanigni1, Vittorio Checchi2, *, Bruno Davide Pugliese2, Uros Josic1, Claudia Mazzitelli1, Luca Giannetti2, Lorenzo Breschi1, Cesare Nucci1
1 Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Dental School, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
2 Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, Unit of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy


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Creative Commons License
© 2022 Zanigni et al.

open-access license: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0), a copy of which is available at: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

* Address correspondence to this author at the University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, Via dal Pozzo 71, 41100 Modena, Italy; Tel: +390594224763; E-mail: vittorio.checchi@unimore.it


Abstract

Background:

Dental conditioning is one of the most important phases during enamel bonding procedures to obtain clean surfaces, smear layer removal with collagen active sites and hydroxyapatite exposure.

Objective:

The aim of this study was to compare the micro-shear bond strength (µSBS) of different adhesive systems after two different etching techniques: 37% orthophosphoric acid (H3PO4) and Er:YAG laser.

Methods:

Ninety permanent extracted molars were embedded into epoxy resin blocks and sectioned longitudinally. Specimens were randomly assigned to one of the following groups (n=30), depending on the etching protocol: 37% H3PO4 for 30 s (Group 1), Er:YAG laser 100mJ-10Hz (Group 2), and Er:YAG laser 100mJ-10Hz followed by 37% H3PO4 for 30 s (Group 3). Each group was further divided into two subgroups depending on the bonding agent used on enamel (n=15): A) EE-Bond (Tokuyama) and B) Peak universal (Ultradent). A two-way analysis of variance (two-way ANOVA) was conducted and the level of significance was set to p=0.05.

Results:

The etching procedure was a significant factor influencing the results (p=0.006), while no differences were observed for the two adhesive systems tested (p>0.05). Group 3 recorded the highest bond strength values, according to the following sequel: Group 3 < Group 2 < Group 1 < 0.05.

Conclusion:

The combination of phosphoric acid etching with Er:YAG laser provided the most favourable bond strength to enamel. Further morphological studies are currently ongoing.

Keywords: Enamel etching, Er:YAG laser, 37% orthophosphoric acid, Micro-shear test, Bond strength, in vitro study.