Variable Torque Prescription: State of Art.

TODENTJ-25-03-2019_TODENTJ-9-60 1553505628 Bentham Open doi@benthamopen.net Bentham Open The Open Dentistry Journal TODENTJ 1874-2106 1 30 2015 9 1 Variable Torque Prescription: State of Art. Mariano Lacarbonara Ettore Accivile Maria R. Abed Maria Teresa Dinoi Annalisa Monaco Giuseppe Marzo Mario Capogreco The variable prescription is widely described under the clinical aspect: the clinics is the result of the evolution of the state-of-the-art, aspect that is less considered in the daily literature. The state-of-the-art is the key to understand not only how we reach where we are but also to learn how to manage propely the torque, focusing on the technical and biomechanical purpos-es that led to the change of the torque values over time. The aim of this study is to update the clinicians on the aspects that affect the torque under the biomechanical sight, helping them to understand how to managing it, following the “timeline changes” in the different techniques so that the Variable Prescription Orthodontic (VPO) would be a suitable tool in every clinical case. 1 30 2015 60 64 TODENTJ-9-60 1 10.2174/crossmark_policy opendentistryjournal.com benthamopen.com true Peer Reviewed Single blind Checked with iThenticate 2014-11-12 2014-12-13 2014-12-27 2015-1-30 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ 10.2174/1874210601509010060 1553505628 https://opendentistryjournal.com/VOLUME/9/PAGE/60/ https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V9/TODENTJ-9-60/TODENTJ-9-60.pdf https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V9/TODENTJ-9-60/TODENTJ-9-60.pdf https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V9/TODENTJ-9-60/TODENTJ-9-60.pdf https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V9/TODENTJ-9-60/TODENTJ-9-60.pdf https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V9/TODENTJ-9-60/TODENTJ-9-60.pdf https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V9/TODENTJ-9-60/TODENTJ-9-60.pdf https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V9/TODENTJ-9-60/TODENTJ-9-60.pdf https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V9/TODENTJ-9-60/TODENTJ-9-60.xml Am J Orthod. Andrews LF 62 296 1972 Andrews LF. The six keys to normal occlusion. Am J Orthod 1972; 62 : 296-309. Am J Orthod. Rauch DE 45 817 1959 Rauch DE. Torque and its application to orthodontics. Am J Orthod 1959; 45 : 817-30. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. Badawi HM 133 721 2008 Badawi HM, Toogood RW, Carey JPR, Heo G, Major PW. Torque expression of self-ligating brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 2008; 133 : 721-8. Br J Orthod. O'Higgins EA 26 97 1999 O'Higgins EA, Kirschen RH, Lee RT. The influence of maxil-lary incisor inclination on arch length. Br J Orthod 1999; 26 : 97-102. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. Gioka C 105 392 2004 Gioka C, Eliades T. Materials-induced variation in the torque expression of preadjusted appliances. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 2004; 105 : 392-400. J Orofac Orthop. Miethke RR 58 186 1997 Miethke RR. Third order tooth movements with straight wire appliances.Influence of vestibular tooth crown morphology in the vertical plane. J Orofac Orthop 1997; 58 : 186-97. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. Germane N 96 312 1989 Germane N, Bentle BE Jr, Isaacson RJ. Three biologic varia-bles modifying faciolingual tooth angulation by straight-wire appliances. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1989; 96 : 312-9. Am J Orthod. Kusy RP 83 374 1983 Kusy RP. On the use of nomograms to determine the elastic property ratios of orthodontic arch wires. Am J Orthod 1983; 83 : 374-81. J Orofac Orthop. Gmyrek H 63 113 2002 Gmyrek H, Bourauel C, Richter G, Harzer W. Torque capacity of metal and plastic brackets with reference to materials, ap-plication, technology and biomechanics. J Orofac Orthop 2002; 63 : 113-28. Angle Orthod. Cash AC 74 450 2004 Cash AC, Good SA, Curtis RV, McDonald F. An evaluation of slot size in orthodontic brackets are standards as expectedκ. Angle Orthod 2004; 74 : 450-3. Am J Orthod. Sebanc J 86 43 1984 Sebanc J, Brantley WA, Pincsak JJ, Conover JP. Variability of effective root torque as a function of edge bevel on orthodon-tic arch wire. Am J Orthod 1984; 86 : 43-51. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. Balut N 102 62 1992 Balut N, Klapper L, Sandrik J, Bowman D. Variations in bracket placement in the preadjusted orthodontic appliance. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1992; 102 : 62-7. J Clin Orthod. Keim RG 39 345 2005 Keim RG. Editor's corner orthodontic megatrends. J Clin Orthod 2005; 39 : 345-6. Europ J Orthod. Forsberg C 13 416 1991 Forsberg C, Brattstrom V, Malmberg E, Nord CE. Ligature wires andvelastomeric rings; two methods of ligation and their association with microbial colonization of Streptococcus mu-tans and lactobacilli. Europ J Orthod 1991; 13 : 416-20. Clin Orthod Research. Harradine NWT 4 220 2001 Harradine NWT. Self-ligating brackets and treatment efficien-cy. Clin Orthod Research 2001; 4 : 220-7. Den Cosm. Angle EH 71 260 1929 Angle EH. The latest and best in orthodontic mechanism. Den Cosm 1929; 71 : 260-70. Angle Orthod. Holdaway RA 22 227 1952 Holdaway RA. Bracket angulation as applied to the edgewise appliance. Angle Orthod 1952; 22 : 227-36. Jarabak Jr, Fizzell JA, Eds. Technique and treatment with the light-wire appliance. Saint Louis CV Mosby. 1963. Stifter JJ, Ed. Straight-wire, the concept and the appliance. Cap 8 San Diego CA LA Wells Co. 1989. Andrews LF, Ed. The Andrews straight-wire appliance concept [dissertation]. Pasadena CA Edward H Angle Soc Ortho-don. 1968. J Clin Or-thod. Roth R 21 632 1987 Roth R. The straight-wire appliance 17 years later. J Clin Or-thod 1987; 21 (9) : 632-42. Orthod Perspec. McLaughlin R 4 3 1997 McLaughlin R, Bennett J, Trevisi H. A clinical review of the MBT orthodontic treatment program. Orthod Perspec 1997; 4 (2) : 3-15. Bennett JC, McLaughlin RP, Eds. Biomecánica en ortodoncia clí-nica. 1a ed Buenos Aires Panamericana. 1998. Esp Ortod. Pedrosa CV 40 93 2010 Pedrosa CV. Prescripción variable en ortodoncia lo que todo ortodoncista debería conocer. Esp Ortod 2010; 40 : 93-108. J Clin Orthodont. Damon D 46 667 2012 Damon D. JCO interviews. J Clin Orthodont 2012; 46 (11) : 667-8. Orthodont Perspect. Sondhi A 14 4 2007 Sondhi A. Smart things to know about the smart clip™ self-ligating appliance system. Orthodont Perspect 2007; 14 (2) : 4-9. J Orofac Orthop. Fischer-Brandies H 61 258 2000 Fischer-Brandies H, Orthuber W, Es Suoni M, Meyer S. Torque transmission between square wire and bracket as a function of measurement, form and hardness parameters. J Orofac Orthop 2000; 61 : 258-65. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. Gioka C 125 323 2004 Gioka C, Eliades T. Materials-induced variation in the torque expression of preadjusted appliances. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 2004; 125 : 323-8. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. Meling TR 111 210 1997 Meling TR, Odegaard J, Meling EO. On mechanical properties of square and rectangular stainless steel wires tested in tor-sion. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1997; 111 : 210-0. Proffit WR, Fields HW Jr, Eds. Contemporary orthodonctics. 3rd ed Stouis MO Mosby. 2000. Am J Orthod. Meyer M 73 485 1987 Meyer M, Nelson G. Preadjusted edgewise appliances theory and practice. Am J Orthod 1987; 73 : 485-98. Am J Orthod. Kusy RP 83 374 1983 Kusy RP. On the use of nomograms to determine the elastic property ratios of orthodontic arch wires. Am J Orthod 1983; 83 : 374-81. Angle Orthod. Archambault A 80 884 2010 Archambault A, Major TW, Carey JP, Heo G, Badawi H, Ma-jor PW. A comparison of torque expression between stainless steel, titanium molybdenum alloy, and copper nickel titanium wires in metallic self-ligating bracket. Angle Orthod 2010; 80 (5) : 884-9. Am J Orthod. Carlsson R 64 147 1973 Carlsson R, Rönnermann A. Crown root angles of upper cen-tral incisors. Am J Orthod 1973; 64 : 147-54. Med Sci Monit. Janiszewska-Olszowska J 20 1991 2014 Janiszewska-Olszowska J, Szatkiewicz T, Tomkowski R, Tandecka K, Grocholewicz K. Effect of orthodon-tic debonding and adhesive removal on the enamel - current knowledge and future perspectives a systematic review. Med Sci Monit 2014; 20 : 1991-2001. Europ J Orthod. Morina E 30 233 2008 Morina E, Eliades T, Pandis N, Jaguer A, Bourauel C. Torque expression of self-ligating brackets with conventional metal-lic, ceramic and plastic brackets. Europ J Orthod 2008; 30 : 233-8. Funct Orthod. Broadbent JM 20 4 2003 Broadbent JM. Patient-specific treatment with variable torque straightwire. Funct Orthod 2003; 20 : 4-30. Eu-rop J Orthod. Harzer W 26 435 2004 Harzer W, Burauel C, Gmyrek H. Torque capacity of metal and polycarbonate brackets with and without metal slot. Eu-rop J Orthod 2004; 26 : 435-1. J Orofac Orthop. Gmyrek H 63 113 2002 Gmyrek H, Bourauel C, Richter G, Harzer W. Torque capacity of metal and plastic brackets with reference to materials, ap-plication, technology and biomechanics. J Orofac Orthop 2002; 63 : 113-28.