TODENTJ-25-03-2019_TODENTJ-6-79 1553505340 Bentham Open doi@benthamopen.net Bentham Open The Open Dentistry Journal TODENTJ 1874-2106 5 9 2012 6 1 Jagan Kumar Baskaradoss Amrita Geevarghese Abdullah Al Farraj Al Dosari Preterm (PT) and Low birth weight (LBW) are considered to be the most relevant biological determinants of newborn infants survival, both in developed and in developing countries. Numerous risk factors for PT and LBW have been defined in the literature. Infections of the genitourinary tract infections along with various biological and genetic factors are considered to be the most common etiological factors for PT/LBW deliveries. However, evidence suggests that sub-clinical infection sites that are also distant from the genitor-urinary tract may be an important cause for PT/LBW deliveries. Maternal periodontal status has also been reported by many authors as a possible risk factor for PT and LBW, though not all of the actual data support such hypothesis. The aim of this paper is to review the evidence from various published literature on the association between the maternal periodontal status and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Although this review found a consistent association between periodontitis and PT/LBW, this finding should be treated with great caution until the sources of heterogeneity can be explained. 5 9 2012 79 84 TODENTJ-6-79 1 10.2174/crossmark_policy opendentistryjournal.com benthamopen.com true Peer Reviewed Single blind Checked with iThenticate 2012-2-2 2012-3-26 2012-4-3 2012-5-9 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ 10.2174/1874210601206010079 1553505340 https://opendentistryjournal.com/VOLUME/6/PAGE/79/ https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V6/TODENTJ-6-79/TODENTJ-6-79.pdf https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V6/TODENTJ-6-79/TODENTJ-6-79.pdf https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V6/TODENTJ-6-79/TODENTJ-6-79.pdf https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V6/TODENTJ-6-79/TODENTJ-6-79.pdf https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V6/TODENTJ-6-79/TODENTJ-6-79.pdf https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V6/TODENTJ-6-79/TODENTJ-6-79.pdf https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V6/TODENTJ-6-79/TODENTJ-6-79.pdf https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V6/TODENTJ-6-79/TODENTJ-6-79.xml World Health Organ Wkly Epidemiol Rec [Weekly Report] 59 205 1984 The incidence of low birth weight: an update World Health Organ Wkly Epidemiol Rec [Weekly Report] 1984; 59 : 205-11. Lancet Goldenberg RL 371 75 2008 Goldenberg RL, Culhane JF, Iams JD, Romero R. Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth Lancet 2008; 371 (9606) : 75-84. Rev Saude Publica Cruz SS 39 782 2005 Cruz SS, Costa Mda C, Gomes Filho IS, Vianna MI, Santos CT. Maternal periodontal disease as a factor associated with low birth weight Rev Saude Publica 2005; 39 (5) : 782-. World Health Stat Q 33 197 1980 The incidence of low birth weight: a critical review of available information World Health Stat Q 1980; 33 (3) : 197-224. Am J Obstet Gynecol Goldenberg RL 175 1317 1996 Goldenberg RL, Cliver SP, Mulvihill FX, et al. Medical psychosocial and behavioral risk factors do not explain the increased risk for low birth weight among black women Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996; 175 (5) : 1317-24. Am J Obstet Gynecol Goldenberg RL 192 S36 2005 Goldenberg RL, Goepfert AR, Ramsey PS. Biochemical markers for the prediction of preterm birth Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005; 192 (5 Suppl) : S36-46. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. Am J Obstet Gynecol Copper RL 175 1286 1996 Copper RL, Goldenberg RL, Das A, et al. The preterm prediction study: maternal stress is associated with spontaneous preterm birth at less than thirty-five weeks' gestation National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996; 175 (5) : 1286-92. Scand J Soc Med Nordstrom ML 24 55 1996 Nordstrom ML, Cnattingius S, et al. Effects on birthweights of maternal education socio-economic status and work-related characteristics Scand J Soc Med 1996; 24 (1) : 55-61. Early Hum Dev Verkerk PH 32 121 1993 Verkerk PH, van Noord-Zaadstra BM, Florey CD, de Jonge GA, Verloove-Vanhorick SP. The effect of moderate maternal alcohol consumption on birth weight and gestational age in a low risk population Early Hum Dev 1993; 32 (2-3) : 121-9. Yonsei Med J Marakoglu I 49 200 2008 Marakoglu I, Gursoy UK, Marakoglu K, Cakmak H, Ataoglu T. Periodontitis as a risk factor for preterm low birth weight Yonsei Med J 2008; 49 (2) : 200-3. J Periodontol Romero BC 73 1177 2002 Romero BC, Chiquito CS, Elejalde LE, Bernardoni CB. Relationship between periodontal disease in pregnant women and the nutritional condition of their newborns J Periodontol 2002; 73 (10) : 1177-83. JAMA Conde-Agudelo A 295 1809 2006 Conde-Agudelo A, Rosas-Bermudez A, Kafury-Goeta AC. Birth spacing and risk of adverse perinatal outcomes: a meta-analysis JAMA 2006; 295 (15) : 1809-23. Am J Obstet Gynecol Mercer BM 181 1216 1999 Mercer BM, Goldenberg RL, Moawad AH, et al. The preterm prediction study: effect of gestational age and cause of preterm birth on subsequent obstetric outcome.National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999; 181 (5 Pt 1) : 1216-21. BJOG Romero R 113 17 2006 Romero R, Espinoza J, Kusanovic JP. The preterm parturition syndrome BJOG 2006; 113 ( Suppl 3 ) : 17-42. JAMA Goldenberg RL 275 1127 1996 Goldenberg RL, Tamura T. Prepregnancy weight and pregnancy outcome JAMA 1996; 275 (14) : 1127-8. Am J Obstet Gynecol Hendler I 192 882 2005 Hendler I, Goldenberg RL, Mercer BM, et al. The Preterm Prediction Study: association between maternal body mass index and spontaneous and indicated preterm birth Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005; 192 (3) : 882-6. Obstet Gynecol Hediger ML 74 6 1989 Hediger ML, Scholl TO, Belsky DH, Ances IG, Salmon RW. Patterns of weight gain in adolescent pregnancy: effects on birth weight and preterm delivery Obstet Gynecol 1989; 74 (1) : 6-12. Am J Obstet Gynecol Newman RB 184 438 2001 Newman RB, Goldenberg RL, Moawad AH, et al. Occupational fatigue and preterm premature rupture of membranes.National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 184 (3) : 438-6. Obstet Gynecol Pompeii LA 106 279 2005 Pompeii LA, Savitz DA, Evenson KR, Rogers B, McMahon M. Physical exertion at work and the risk of preterm delivery and small-for-gestational-age birth Obstet Gynecol 2005; 106 (6) : 279-88. Obstet Gynecol Gavin NI 106 1071 2005 Gavin NI, Gaynes BN, Lohr KN, Meltzer-Brody S, Gartlehner G, Swinson T. Perinatal depression: a systematic review of prevalence and incidence Obstet Gynecol 2005; 106 (5 Pt 1) : 1071-83. Psychosom Med Dayan J 68 938 2006 Dayan J, Creveuil C, Marks MN, et al. Prenatal depression prenatal anxiety and spontaneous preterm birth a prospective cohort study among women with early and regular care Psychosom Med 2006; 68 (6) : 938-46. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol Hoffman S 10 380 1996 Hoffman S, Hatch MC. Stress social support and pregnancy outcome a reassessment based on recent research Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 1996; 10 (4) : 380-405. Br Med Bull Wald NJ 52 3 1996 Wald NJ, Hackshaw AK. Cigarette smoking: an epidemiological overview Br Med Bull 1996; 52 (1) : 3-11. N Engl J Med Goldenberg RL 342 1500 2000 Goldenberg RL, Hauth JC, Andrews WW. Intrauterine infection and preterm delivery N Engl J Med 2000; 342 (20) : 1500-7. Ann Periodontol Gibbs RS 6 153 2001 Gibbs RS. The relationship between infections and adverse pregnancy outcomes: an overview Ann Periodontol 2001; 6 (1) : 153-3. Am J Perinatol Sorokin Y 27 631 2010 Sorokin Y, Romero R, Mele L, et al. Maternal serum interleukin-6 C-reactive protein and matrix metalloproteinase-9 concentrations as risk factors for preterm birth <32 weeks and adverse neonatal outcomes Am J Perinatol 2010; 27 (8) : 631-40. Am J Obstet Gynecol Yoon BH 182 675 2000 Yoon BH, Romero R, Park JS, et al. Fetal exposure to an intraamniotic inflammation and the development of cerebral palsy at the age of three years Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 182 (3) : 675-81. Am J Obstet Gynecol Romero R 179 186 1998 Romero R, Gomez R, Ghezzi F, et al. A fetal systemic inflammatory response is followed by the spontaneous onset of preterm parturition Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 179 (1) : 186-93. Brain Dev Kassal R 27 483 2005 Kassal R, Anwar M, Kashlan F, Smulian J, Hiatt M, Hegyi T. Umbilical vein interleukin-6 levels in very low birth weight infants developing intraventricular hemorrhage Brain Dev 2005; 27 (7) : 483-7. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed Heep A 88 F501 2003 Heep A, Behrendt D, Nitsch P, Fimmers R, Bartmann P, Dembinski J. Increased serum levels of interleukin 6 are associated with severe intraventricular haemorrhage in extremely premature infants Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2003; 88 (6) : F501-4. Am J Obstet Gynecol Ghezzi F 186 268 2002 Ghezzi F, Franchi M, Raio L, et al. Elevated amniotic fluid Creactive protein at the time of genetic amniocentesis is a marker for preterm delivery Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 186 (2) : 268-73. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed Joram N 91 F65 2006 Joram N, Boscher C, Denizot S, et al. Umbilical cord blood procalcitonin and C reactive protein concentrations as markers for early diagnosis of very early onset neonatal infection Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2006; 91 (1) : F65-6. Am J Obstet Gynecol Maymon E 183 887 2000 Maymon E, Romero R, Pacora P, et al. Evidence of in vivo differential bioavailability of the active forms of matrix metalloproteinases 9 and 2 in parturition spontaneous rupture of membranes and intra-amniotic infection Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 183 (4) : 887-94. Pediatr Res Schulz CG 55 794 2004 Schulz CG, Sawicki G, Lemke RP, Roeten BM, Schulz R, Cheung PY. MMP-2 and MMP-9 and their tissue inhibitors in the plasma of preterm and term neonates Pediatr Res 2004; 55 (5) : 794-801. Obstet Gynecol Winkler M 91 945 1998 Winkler M, Fischer DC, Hlubek M, van de Leur E, Haubeck HD, Rath W. Interleukin-1beta and interleukin-8 concentrations in the lower uterine segment during parturition at term Obstet Gynecol 1998; 91 (6) : 945-. Am J Obstet Gynecol Romero R 166 1576 1992 Romero R, Mazor M, Sepulveda W, Avila C, Copeland D, Williams J. Tumor necrosis factor in preterm and term labor Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992; 166 (5) : 1576-87. J Clin Endocrinol Metab Sehringer B 85 4859 2000 Sehringer B, Schafer WR, Wetzka B, et al. Formation of proinflammatory cytokines in human term myometrium is stimulated by lipopolysaccharide but not by corticotropin-releasing hormone J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85 (12) : 4859-65. J Can Dent Assoc McGaw T 68 165 2002 McGaw T. Periodontal disease and preterm delivery of low-birthweight infants J Can Dent Assoc 2002; 68 (3) : 165-9. The theory of focal sepsis and dentistry in early twentieth century Britain. Soc Sci Med Dussault G 16 1405 1982 Dussault G, Sheiham A. Medical theories and professional development The theory of focal sepsis and dentistry in early twentieth century Britain Soc Sci Med 1982; 16 (15) : 1405-2. Lancet Pihlstrom BL 366 1809 2005 Pihlstrom BL, Michalowicz BS, Johnson NW. Periodontal diseases Lancet 2005; 366 (9499) : 1809-20. J Periodontol Contreras A 77 182 2006 Contreras A, Herrera J, Soto J, Arce R, Jaramillo A, Botero J. Periodontitis is associated with preeclampsia in pregnant women J Periodontol 2006; 77 (2) : 182-8. J Periodontol Offenbacher S 67 1103 1996 Offenbacher S, Katz V, Fertik G, et al. Periodontal infection as a possible risk factor for preterm low birth weight J Periodontol 1996; 67 ( 10 Suppl) : 1103-3. Ann Periodontol Dasanayake AP 3 206 1998 Dasanayake AP. Poor periodontal health of the pregnant woman as a risk factor for low birth weight Ann Periodontol 1998; 3 (1) : 206-12. Am J Obstet Gynecol Mobeen N 198 514 2008 Mobeen N, Jehan I, Banday N, et al. Periodontal disease and adverse birth outcomes: a study from Pakistan Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 198 (5) : 514-e1-8. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol Saddki N 36 296 2008 Saddki N, Bachok N, Hussain NH, Zainudin SL, Sosroseno W. The association between maternal periodontitis and low birth weight infants among Malay women Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2008; 36 (4) : 296-304. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol Pitiphat W 36 3 2008 Pitiphat W, Joshipura KJ, Gillman MW, Williams PL, Douglass CW, Rich-Edwards JW. Maternal periodontitis and adverse pregnancy outcomes Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2008; 36 (1) : 3-11. J Clin Periodontol Moliterno LF 32 886 2005 Moliterno LF, Monteiro B, Figueredo CM, Fischer RG. Association between periodontitis and low birth weight: a case-control study J Clin Periodontol 2005; 32 (8) : 886-90. Arch Gynecol Obstet Khader Y 279 165 2009 Khader Y, Al-shishani L, Obeidat B, et al. Maternal periodontal status and preterm low birth weight delivery: a case-control study Arch Gynecol Obstet 2009; 279 (2) : 165-9. J Periodontol Guimaraes AN 81 350 2010 Guimaraes AN, Silva-Mato A, Miranda Cota LO, Siqueira FM, Costa FO. Maternal periodontal disease and preterm or extreme preterm birth: an ordinal logistic regression analysis J Periodontol 2010; 81 (3) : 350-8. J Periodontol Ryu JI 81 855 2010 Ryu JI, Oh K, Yang H, et al. Health behaviors, periodontal conditions and periodontal pathogens in spontaneous preterm birth: a case-control study in Korea J Periodontol 2010; 81 (6) : 855-63. J Periodontal Res Baskaradoss JK 46 542 2011 Baskaradoss JK, Geevarghese A, Kutty VR. Maternal periodontal status and preterm delivery: a hospital based case-control study J Periodontal Res 2011; 46 (5) : 542-9. J Periodontol Jeffcoat MK 74 1214 2003 Jeffcoat MK, Hauth JC, Geurs NC, et al. Periodontal disease and preterm birth: results of a pilot intervention study J Periodontol 2003; 74 (8) : 1214-8. J Periodontol Lopez NJ 73 911 2002 Lopez NJ, Smith PC, Gutierrez J. Periodontal therapy may reduce the risk of preterm low birth weight in women with periodontal disease: a randomized controlled trial J Periodontol 2002; 73 (8) : 911-24. J Periodontol Tarannum F 78 2095 2007 Tarannum F, Faizuddin M. Effect of periodontal therapy on pregnancy outcome in women affected by periodontitis J Periodontol 2007; 78 (11) : 2095-103. N Engl J Med Michalowicz BS 355 1885 2006 Michalowicz BS, Hodges JS, DiAngelis AJ, et al. Treatment of periodontal disease and the risk of preterm birth N Engl J Med 2006; 355 (18) : 1885-94. Clin Oral Investig Weidlich P 2012 Weidlich P, Moreira CH, Fiorini T, et al. Effect of nonsurgical periodontal therapy and strict plaque control on preterm/low birth weight: a randomized controlled clinical trial Clin Oral Investig 2012. [Epub ahead of print] Ann Periodontol Offenbacher S 3 233 1998 Offenbacher S, Jared HL, OReilly PG, et al. Potential pathogenic mechanisms of periodontitis associated pregnancy complications Ann Periodontol 1998; 3 (1) : 233-50. Curr Opin Periodontol Loesche WJ 4 21 1997 Loesche WJ. Association of the oral flora with important medical diseases Curr Opin Periodontol 1997; 4 : 21-8. Ann Periodontol Madianos PN 6 175 2001 Madianos PN, Lieff S, Murtha AP, et al. Maternal periodontitis and prematurity.Part II: Maternal infection and fetal exposure Ann Periodontol 2001; 6 (1) : 175-82. Infect Immun Han YW 72 2272 2004 Han YW, Redline RW, Li M, Yin L, Hill GB, McCormick TS. Fusobacterium nucleatum induces premature and term stillbirths in pregnant mice: implication of oral bacteria in preterm birth Infect Immun 2004; 72 (4) : 2272-9. Infect Immun Lin D 71 5163 2003 Lin D, Smith MA, Elter J, et al. Porphyromonas gingivalis infection in pregnant mice is associated with placental dissemination an increase in the placental Th1/Th2 cytokine ratio and fetal growth restriction Infect Immun 2003; 71 (9) : 5163-8. Reprod Sci Kemp MW 17 619 2010 Kemp MW, Saito M, Newnham JP, Nitsos I, Okamura K, Kallapur SG. Preterm birth infection and inflammation advances from the study of animal models Reprod Sci 2010; 17 (7) : 619-28. J Clin Periodontol Chambrone L 38 795 2011 Chambrone L, Guglielmetti MR, Pannuti CM, Chambrone LA. Evidence grade associating periodontitis to preterm birth and/or low birth weight: I.a systematic review of prospective cohort studies J Clin Periodontol 2011; 38 (9) : 795-808. J Clin Periodontol Chambrone L 38 902 2011 Chambrone L, Pannuti CM, Guglielmetti MR, Chambrone LA. Evidence grade associating periodontitis with preterm birth and/or low birth weight: II.a systematic review of randomized trials evaluating the effects of periodontal treatment J Clin Periodontol 2011; 38 (10) : 902-14. Am J Obstet Gynecol Conde-Agudelo A 198 7 2008 Conde-Agudelo A, Villar J, Lindheimer M. Maternal infection and risk of preeclampsia: systematic review and metaanalysis Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008; 198 (1) : 7-22. Minerva Stomatol Pimentel Lopes De Oliveira GJ 59 543 2010 Pimentel Lopes De Oliveira GJ, Amaral FL, Chaves De Souza JA, Ribeiro CM, Cirelli JA. Effect of periodontal treatment on the incidence of preterm delivery: a systematic review Minerva Stomatol 2010; 59 (10) : 543-0. J Periodontol Khader YS 76 161 2005 Khader YS, Ta'ani Q. Periodontal diseases and the risk of preterm birth and low birth weight: a meta-analysis J Periodontol 2005; 76 (2) : 161-5. Am J Obstet Gynecol Vergnes JN 196 135 2007 Vergnes JN, Sixou M. Preterm low birth weight and maternal periodontal status: a meta-analysis Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 196 (2) : 135-e1-7. Obstet Gynecol Fogacci MF 117 153 2011 Fogacci MF, Vettore MV, Leao AT. The effect of periodontal therapy on preterm low birth weight: a meta-analysis Obstet Gynecol 2011; 117 (1) : 153-65. J Periodontol Kim AJ 2012 Kim AJ, Lo AJ, Pullin DA, Thornton-Johnson DS, Karimbux NY. Scaling and root planing treatment for periodontitis to reduce preterm birth and low birth weight: a systematic review and metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials J Periodontol 2012. J Periodontal Res Page RC 26 230 1991 Page RC. The role of inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease J Periodontal Res 1991; 26 (3 Pt 2) : 230-42. Dent Clin North Am Dasanayake AP 47 115-25 2003 Dasanayake AP, Russell S, Boyd D, Madianos PN, Forster T, Hill E. Preterm low birth weight and periodontal disease among African Americans Dent Clin North Am 2003; 47 (1) : 115-25-x-xi. J Clin Periodontol Madianos PN 29 22 2002 Madianos PN, Bobetsis GA, Kinane DF. Is periodontitis associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease and preterm and/or low birth weight births J Clin Periodontol 2002; 29 ( Suppl 3) : 22-36. discussion 7-8 J Clin Periodontol Dortbudak O 32 45 2005 Dortbudak O, Eberhardt R, Ulm M, Persson GR. Periodontitis, a marker of risk in pregnancy for preterm birth J Clin Periodontol 2005; 32 (1) : 45-52. Mil Med Fowler EB 166 85 2001 Fowler EB, Breault LG, Cuenin MF. Periodontal disease and its association with systemic disease Mil Med 2001; 166 (1) : 85-9. J Hypertens Herrera JA 25 1459 2007 Herrera JA, Parra B, Herrera E, et al. Periodontal disease severity is related to high levels of C-reactive protein in pre-eclampsia J Hypertens 2007; 25 (7) : 1459-64. Am J Obstet Gynecol Boggess KA 193 311 2005 Boggess KA. Pathogenicity of periodontal pathogens during pregnancy Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005; 193 (2) : 311-2. J Periodontol Dasanayake AP 72 1491 2001 Dasanayake AP, Boyd D, Madianos PN, Offenbacher S, Hills E. The association between Porphyromonas gingivalis-specific maternal serum IgG and low birth weight J Periodontol 2001; 72 (11) : 1491-7. Am J Obstet Gynecol Jarjoura K 192 513 2005 Jarjoura K, Devine PC, Perez-Delboy A, Herrera-Abreu M, DAlton M, Papapanou PN. Markers of periodontal infection and preterm birth Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005; 192 (2) : 513-9.