TODENTJ-25-03-2019_TODENTJ-5-7 1553505227 Bentham Open doi@benthamopen.net Bentham Open The Open Dentistry Journal TODENTJ 1874-2106 2 7 2011 5 1 Mohammed H Abu Younis Ra'ed O Abu Hantash Aims: The objectives of this study were to find out the frequency, clinical picture, and risk factors of dry socket at the Dental Teaching Center of Al-Quds University in Palestine. Methods and Materials: Two previously used questionnaires were accomplished in this study over a one year period. The first questionnaire was completed for every patient who had one or more permanent teeth extracted in the Dental Surgery Clinic. The other one was completed for every patient suffered a postoperative pain and was diagnosed with dry socket. Results: There were 1305 dental extractions performed in 805 patients. The overall frequency of dry socket was 3.2%. The incidence of dry socket following non-surgical extractions was 1.7% while it was 15% following surgical extractions (P< 0.005). The incidence of dry socket was significantly higher in smokers (12%) than in non-smokers (4%) (P < 0.005), however, there is a strong association between the amount of smoking and the incidence of dry socket (P < 0.002). The incidence of dry socket was significantly higher in the single extraction cases (13%) than in the multiple extraction cases (5%) (P = 0.005). Age, sex, medical history, extraction site, amount of local anesthesia and experience of operator play no role in the occurrence of dry socket. Conclusion: Smoking, surgical trauma and single extractions are considered predisposing factors in the occurrence of dry socket. On the other hand, factors like: age, sex, medical history, extraction site, amount of anesthesia, and operator experience have no effect on the observation of dry socket. 2 7 2011 7 12 TODENTJ-5-7 1 10.2174/crossmark_policy opendentistryjournal.com benthamopen.com true Peer Reviewed Single blind Checked with iThenticate 2010-2-3 2010-4-29 2010-6-4 2011-2-7 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ 10.2174/1874210601105010007 1553505227 https://opendentistryjournal.com/VOLUME/5/PAGE/7/ https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V5/TODENTJ-5-7/TODENTJ-5-7.pdf https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V5/TODENTJ-5-7/TODENTJ-5-7.pdf https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V5/TODENTJ-5-7/TODENTJ-5-7.pdf https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V5/TODENTJ-5-7/TODENTJ-5-7.pdf https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V5/TODENTJ-5-7/TODENTJ-5-7.pdf https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V5/TODENTJ-5-7/TODENTJ-5-7.pdf https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V5/TODENTJ-5-7/TODENTJ-5-7.pdf https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V5/TODENTJ-5-7/TODENTJ-5-7.xml J Am Dent Assoc Lilly GE 88 802 1974 Lilly GE, Osborn DB, Rael EM, Samuels HS, Jones JC. Alveolar osteitis associated with mandibular third molar extractions J Am Dent Assoc 1974; 88 : 802-6. J Oral Maxillofac Surg Alexander RE 58 538 2000 Alexander RE. Dental extraction wound management: a case against medicating post-extraction sockets J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2000; 58 : 538-1. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg Amaratunga NA 26 410 1988 Amaratunga NA, Senaratane CM. A clinical study of dry socket in Sri Lanka Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1988; 26 : 410-18. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg Field EA 23 419 1985 Field EA, Speechley JA, Rotter E, Scott J. Dry socket incidence compared aftera 12-year interval Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1985; 23 : 419-27. Singapore Dent J Jaffar N 23 24 2000 Jaffar N, Nor GM. The prevalence of post-extraction complications in an outpatient dental clinic in kuala lumpor malaysia- a retrospective survey Singapore Dent J 2000; 23 (1) : 24-8. J Oral Maxillofac Surg Oginni FO 61 871 2003 Oginni FO, Fatusi OA, Algabe AO. A clinical evaluation of dry socket in a nigerian teaching hospital J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2003; 61 (8) : 871-6. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod Bloomer CR 90 282 2000 Bloomer CR. Alveolar osteitis prevention by immediate placement of medicated packing Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2000; 90 : 282-4. J Oral Maxillofac Surg Petri WH 51 982 1992 Petri WH, Wilson TM. Clinical evaluation of antibiotic supplemented bone allograft J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1992; 51 : 982-7. Oral Surg Erickson RT 13 1046 1960 Erickson RT, Wait DE, Wilkison RH. A study of dry sockets Oral Surg 1960; 13 : 1046-50. Int J Oral Surg Birn H 2 215 1973 Birn H. Etiology and pathogenesis of fibrinolytic alveolitis (' dry socket') Int J Oral Surg 1973; 2 : 215-63. J Oral Maxillofac Surg Al- Khateeb TL 49 141 1991 Al- Khateeb TL, El-Marsafi AI, Butler NP. The relationship between the indications for the surgical removal of impacted third molars and the incidence of alveolar osteitis J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1991; 49 : 141-5. Br J Oral Surg MacGregor AJ 6 49 1968 MacGregor AJ. Aetiology of dry socket: a clinical investigation Br J Oral Surg 1968; 6 : 49-58. J Am Dent Assoc Catellani JE 101 777 1980 Catellani JE, Harvey S, Erickson SH, Cherkink D. Effect of oral contraceptive cycle on dry socket (localized alveolar osteitis) J Am Dent Assoc 1980; 101 : 777-80. J Oral Surg Sweet JB 37 732 1979 Sweet JB, Butler DP. The relationship of smoking to localized osteitis J Oral Surg 1979; 37 : 732-5. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg Meechan JG 16 279 1987 Meechan JG, Venchard GR, Rogers SN, et al. Local anesthesia and dry socket: a clinical investigation I of single ectractions in male patients Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1987; 16 : 279-84. Int J Oral Surg Krekmanov L 10 173 1981 Krekmanov L. Alveolitis after operative removal of third molar in the mandible Int J Oral Surg 1981; 10 : 173-9. Br J Oral Surg Rood JP 17 62 1979 Rood JP, Murgatroid J. Metronidazole in the prevention of 'dry socket' Br J Oral Surg 1979; 17 : 62-70. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Radiol Endod Ritzau M 43 32 1977 Ritzau M, Swangsilpa K. The prophylactic use of propylic ester of p-hydrobenzoic acid on alveolitis sicca dolorosa Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Radiol Endod 1977; 43 : 32-7. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Sweet JB 59 24 1985 Sweet JB, Macynaki AA. Effect of antimicrobial mouthrinses on the incidence of localized alveolitis and infection following mandibular third molar surgery Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1985; 59 : 24-6. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg Field EA 26 395 1988 Field EA, Nind D, arga E, Martin MV. The effect of chlorhexidine irrigation on the incidence of dry socket: A pilot study Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1988; 26 : 395-401. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Ragno JR 72 524 1991 Ragno JR, Szkutnik AJ. Evaluation of 0.12% chlorhexidine rinse on the prevention of alveolar osteitis Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1991; 72 : 524-6. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg Blum IR 31 309 2002 Blum IR. Contemporary views on dry socket (alveolar osteitis): a clinical appraisal of standardization, aetiopathogenesis and management: a critical review Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2002; 31 : 309-17. J Oral Maxillofac Surg Vezeau PJ 58 531 2000 Vezeau PJ. Dental extraction wound management: medicating postextraction sockets J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2000; 58 : 531-7. Dental Update Fazakerley M 18 31 1991 Fazakerley M, Field EN. Dry socket: a painful post-extraction complication: a review Dental Update 1991; 18 : 31-4. Int J Oral Surg Ritzua M 7 534 1978 Ritzua M, Therkildsen P. Antifibrinolytic prevention of alveolitis sicca dolorsa Int J Oral Surg 1978; 7 : 534-40. J Am Dent Assoc Krogh HW 24 1829 1937 Krogh HW. Incidence of dry socket J Am Dent Assoc 1937; 24 : 1829-36. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Sweet JB 46 206 1978 Sweet JB, Bulter DP. Predisposing and operative factors: effect on the incidence of localized osteitis in mandibular third molar surgery Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1978; 46 : 206-15. J Oral Maxillofac Surg Oginni FO 66 2290 2008 Oginni FO. Dry socket: a preoperative study of prevalent risk factors in a nigerian population J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2008; 66 : 2290-5. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Johnson WS 66 167 1988 Johnson WS, Blanton EE. An evaluation of 9-aminoacridine/ gelfoam to reduce dry socket formation Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1988; 66 : 167-70. J Oral Maxillofac Surg Al-Belasy FA 62 10 2004 Al-Belasy FA. The relationship of "Shisha" (water pipe) Smoking to postextraction dry socket J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2004; 62 : 10-4.