TODENTJ-25-03-2019_TODENTJ-5-158 1553505285 Bentham Open doi@benthamopen.net Bentham Open The Open Dentistry Journal TODENTJ 1874-2106 9 16 2011 5 1 Fredrik Bergstrand Svante Twetman Objective: The aim of this paper was to update the evidence for primary and secondary prevention (treatment) of white spot lesions (WSL) adjacent to fixed orthodontic appliances. Material and methods: A search for relevant human clinical trials published in English between 2004 and March 2011 retrieved 25 publications that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The papers were assessed for prevented fraction and/or absolute risk reduction when possible. Results and conclusions: The findings consolidated the use of topical fluorides in addition to fluoride toothpaste as the best evidence-based way to avoid WSL. The mean prevented fraction based on 6 trials was 42.5% with a range from -4% to 73%. The recent papers provided the strongest support for regular professional applications of fluoride varnish around the bracket base during the course of orthodontic treatment. For the treatment of post-orthodontic WSL, home-care applications of a remineralizing cream, based on casein phosphopeptide-stabilized amorphous calcium phosphate, as adjunct to fluoride toothpaste could be beneficial but the findings were equivocal. For emerging technologies such as sugar alcohols and probiotics, still only studies with surrogate endpoints are available. Thus, further well-designed studies with standardized regimes and endpoints are needed before guidelines on the non-fluoride technologies can be recommended. 9 16 2011 158 162 TODENTJ-5-158 1 10.2174/crossmark_policy opendentistryjournal.com benthamopen.com true Peer Reviewed Single blind Checked with iThenticate 2011-5-26 2011-7-10 2011-7-12 2011-9-16 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ 10.2174/1874210601105010158 1553505285 https://opendentistryjournal.com/VOLUME/5/PAGE/158/ https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V5/TODENTJ-5-158/TODENTJ-5-158.pdf https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V5/TODENTJ-5-158/TODENTJ-5-158.pdf https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V5/TODENTJ-5-158/TODENTJ-5-158.pdf https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V5/TODENTJ-5-158/TODENTJ-5-158.pdf https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V5/TODENTJ-5-158/TODENTJ-5-158.pdf https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V5/TODENTJ-5-158/TODENTJ-5-158.pdf https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V5/TODENTJ-5-158/TODENTJ-5-158.pdf https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V5/TODENTJ-5-158/TODENTJ-5-158.xml Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop Chapman JA 138 188 2010 Chapman JA, Roberts WE, Eckert GJ, Kula KS, González-Cabezas C. 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