TODENTJ-25-03-2019_TODENTJ-12-753 1553507517 Bentham Open doi@benthamopen.net Bentham Open The Open Dentistry Journal TODENTJ 1874-2106 09 28 2018 12 1 Lakshmi Padmaja Satheeswarakumar Tatu Joy Elenjickal Shashi Kiran Mohan Ram Kartheesan Thangasamy Background: Bruxism is the commonest of the many parafunctional activities of the masticatory system. Opinions on the causes of bruxism were numerous and widely varying. It can occur during sleep as well as wakefulness. Bruxism was for long considered a major cause of tooth wear. Other effects of bruxism may include tooth movement and tooth mobility, as well as changes in oral soft tissues and jaw bone. Since the exact etiology and manifestations are unclear, it was difficult to diagnose Bruxism. In this study, we evaluated the area change as measured from digital panoramic radiographs that can occur in the lower jaw bone in those with Bruxism and compared the results with non-bruxers. Aims and Objective: To determine the surface area changes of the mandible, condylar and coronoid processes in Bruxers from Panoramic radiographs and to compare and contrast the changes with age and gender matched controls. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the department of Oral Medicine and Radiology. The total sample size was 40. The sample was divided into two groups, Bruxers and non-bruxers with 20 subjects in each group. Healthy volunteers aged between 20- 30 years diagnosed with Bruxism and Healthy volunteers aged between 20- 30 years diagnosed without Bruxism were included in group II (Non-Bruxers). Bruxchecker was made use of in confirming the Bruxism in Group I. The Panoramic radiograph was used as the imaging modality for the study. The measurements were made with the help of software, Image J. All the measurements were tabulated and statistical analysis was made using ANOVA (Post hoc) followed by Dunnett’s test and unpaired t test. Results: A comparison of the mandibular surface area as a whole and also condylar and coronoid processes individually were carried out. Significant results were obtained in case of condylar and coronoid processes between the two groups. The surface area of condylar process of Group I was found to be lower than that of Group II. The surface area of the right coronoid process of group I was found to be less when compared to that of group II but the values of the left coronoid process of group I was found to be more when compared with group II. The surface area of the mandible showed no significant difference between the groups. There was significant difference between the genders in case of mandible, condyle and coronoid. The surface area of mandible and condylar process was found to be lower in female when compared to male. The surface area of coronoid process was found to be more in case of females when compared to that of males in Group I. The results of our study show that while the overall surface area of bruxers remain unaffected when compared to controls, the condylar and coronoid process show significant change. The hitherto belief that the primary brunt of bruxism is borne by the masseter would require a revisit since alteration in tonicity of the masseter would reflect in surface area change of the mandible as a whole. An increase in the surface area of the coronoid process in bruxers was observed in our study which could be attributed to altered activity of the temporalis, a muscle largely responsible for the posture of the mandible. This could imply that bruxers show alteration in temporalis activity which would explain several clinical manifestations such as headache, neck pain, shoulder pain and altered posture and so on which we have observed in the clinical practice of neuromuscular dentistry. Further studies examining the activity of the temporalis and masseter would further corroborate our findings and form the basis for future research in this arena. Conclusion: This original research was carried out to assess the surface area changes in mandible and condylar and coronoid processes of Bruxers and non-bruxers. The results showed significant changes in the surface area of condylar and coronoid process in Bruxers when compared to the controls. This is an area of study with paucity of available literature. This study would be a stepping stone for future studies in this arena. 09 28 2018 753 761 TODENTJ-12-753 1 10.2174/crossmark_policy opendentistryjournal.com benthamopen.com true Peer Reviewed Single blind Checked with iThenticate 2018-4-18 2018-7-8 2018-9-3 2018-09-28 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode 10.2174/1745017901814010753 1553507517 https://opendentistryjournal.com/VOLUME/12/PAGE/753/ https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V12/TODENTJ-12-753/TODENTJ-12-753.pdf https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V12/TODENTJ-12-753/TODENTJ-12-753.pdf https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V12/TODENTJ-12-753/TODENTJ-12-753.pdf https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V12/TODENTJ-12-753/TODENTJ-12-753.pdf https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V12/TODENTJ-12-753/TODENTJ-12-753.pdf https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V12/TODENTJ-12-753/TODENTJ-12-753.pdf https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V12/TODENTJ-12-753/TODENTJ-12-753.pdf https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V12/TODENTJ-12-753/TODENTJ-12-753.xml J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci. Murali R.V. 7 S265 2015 Murali RV, Rangarajan P, Mounissamy A. Bruxism: Conceptual discussion and review. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2015; 7 (1) (Suppl. 1) : S265-70. J. Indian Prosthodont. Soc. Shetty S. 10 141 2010 10.1007/s13191-011-0041-5 Shetty S, Pitti V, Satish Babu CL, Surendra Kumar GP, Deepthi BC. Bruxism: A literature review. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2010; 10 (3) : 141-8. Mov. Disord. De Laat A. 17 S67 2002 10.1002/mds.10064 De Laat A, Macaluso GM. Sleep bruxism as a motor disorder. Mov Disord 2002; 17 (l) (Suppl. 2) : S67-9. J. Dent. Res. Macaluso G.M. 77 565 1998 10.1177/00220345980770040901 Macaluso GM, Guerra P, Di Giovanni G, Boselli M, Parrino L, Terzano MG. Sleep bruxism is a disorder related to periodic arousals during sleep. J Dent Res 1998; 77 (4) : 565-73. J Health Sci Prasad K.D. 4 129 2014 Prasad KD, Swaminathan AA, Prasad AD. A review of current concepts in bruxism: Diagnosis and management. Nitte university. J Health Sci 2014; 4 (4) : 129-36. Aust. Dent. J. Manfredini D. 49 84 2004 10.1111/j.1834-7819.2004.tb00055.x Manfredini D, Landi N, Romagnoli M, Bosco M. Psychic and occlusal factors in bruxers. Aust Dent J 2004; 49 (2) : 84-9. Dental Press J. Orthod. Lemos A.D. 19 52 2014 10.1590/2176-9451.19.3.052-058.oar Lemos AD, Katz CR, Heimer MV, Rosenblatt A. Mandibular asymmetry: A proposal of radiographic analysis with public domain software. Dental Press J Orthod 2014; 19 (3) : 52-8. Indian J. Cancer Girish V. 41 47 2004 Girish V, Vijayalakshmi A. Affordable image analysis using NIH Image/ImageJ. Indian J Cancer 2004; 41 (1) : 47. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. Yamada K. 92 265 2001 10.1067/moe.2001.117558 Yamada K, Hanada K, Fukui T, et al. Condylar bony change and self-reported parafunctional habits in prospective orthognathic surgery patients with temporomandibular disorders. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2001; 92 (3) : 265-71. Angle Orthod. Nagahara K. 69 372 1999 Nagahara K, Murata S, Nakamura S, Tsuchiya T. Displacement and stress distribution in the temporomandibular joint during clenching. Angle Orthod 1999; 69 (4) : 372-9. J. Craniofac. Surg. Dias G.M. 26 2347 2015 10.1097/SCS.0000000000002084 Dias GM, Bonato LL, Guimarães JP, et al. A Study of the association between sleep bruxism: Low quality of sleep, and degenerative changes of the temporomandibular joint. J Craniofac Surg 2015; 26 (8) : 2347-50. Angle Orthod. Liu Y.P. 80 97 2010 10.2319/020309-67.1 Liu YP, Behrents RG, Buschang PH. Mandibular growth, remodeling, and maturation during infancy and early childhood. Angle Orthod 2010; 80 (1) : 97-105. J. Korean Assoc. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. Kim S.M. 40 301 2014 10.5125/jkaoms.2014.40.6.301 Kim SM, Lee JH, Kim HJ, Huh JK. Mouth opening limitation caused by coronoid hyperplasia: A report of four cases. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 2014; 40 (6) : 301-7. Ethiop. J. Health Sci. Kebede B. 21 209 2011 Kebede B, Megersa S. Idiopathic masseter muscle hypertrophy. Ethiop J Health Sci 2011; 21 (3) : 209-12. Cranio Palinkas M. 34 309 2016 10.1080/08869634.2015.1106811 Palinkas M, Bataglion C, de Luca Canto G, et al. Impact of sleep bruxism on masseter and temporalis muscles and bite force. Cranio 2016; 34 (5) : 309-15. Int. J. Odontostomatol. Hoyos J.A.A. 11 1 2017 Hoyos JAA, Mejia FR, Pineda AFP, et al. Bruxism and masseter and temporal muscle activity before and after selective grinding. Int J Odontostomatol 2017; 11 (3) : 1-8.