TODENTJ-25-03-2019_TODENTJ-12-283 1553507345 Bentham Open doi@benthamopen.net Bentham Open The Open Dentistry Journal TODENTJ 1874-2106 03 30 2018 12 1 N. K. Mohindra Background: Occlusal appliances of various designs have been described in the literature. They usually have to be worn for substantial periods including night time to have the desired effect for which they are designed. The Oralift® appliance has been designed to address the signs of facial ageing and to help stop parafunctional habits. The appliance is based on the principles of the pivot appliance and is worn for very short periods, never at night and not even every day. The maximum usage recommended is two hours every third day. Objective: This is a review of five patients who have been treated with Oralift® with the aim of assessing whether the visual changes seen by wearing the appliance can be quantified by changes in volume as measured by 3D Imaging, and if this quantification could be useful in improving the outcomes for each patient. Methods: The patients were fitted with the appliances in general practice, and 2D images were taken before, during and after treatment. Afterwards, the patient attended King’s College London, to have 3D imaging. Results: 3D imaging has been proved far superior to standardized 2D photography in assessing the changes taking place on the face, and helped quantify the volume changes. Conclusion: To further improve the outcome for each patient, the 3D imaging should be done before the visit to the practitioner or ideally by the practitioner so that the results could be assessed, and the treatment adjusted accordingly. The implication of the volume changes requires a much larger study. 03 30 2018 283 295 TODENTJ-12-283 1 10.2174/crossmark_policy opendentistryjournal.com benthamopen.com true Peer Reviewed Single blind Checked with iThenticate 2017-12-11 2018-02-20 2018-3-14 2018-03-30 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode 10.2174/1874210601812010283 1553507345 https://opendentistryjournal.com/VOLUME/12/PAGE/283/ https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V12/TODENTJ-12-283/TODENTJ-12-283.pdf https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V12/TODENTJ-12-283/TODENTJ-12-283.pdf https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V12/TODENTJ-12-283/TODENTJ-12-283.pdf https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V12/TODENTJ-12-283/TODENTJ-12-283.pdf https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V12/TODENTJ-12-283/TODENTJ-12-283.pdf https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V12/TODENTJ-12-283/TODENTJ-12-283.pdf https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V12/TODENTJ-12-283/TODENTJ-12-283.pdf https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V12/TODENTJ-12-283/TODENTJ-12-283.xml Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. McNeill C. 83 51 1997 10.1016/S1079-2104(97)90091-3 McNeill C. History and evolution of TMD concepts. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1997; 83 (1) : 51-60. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. Costen J.B. 43 1 1934 10.1177/000348943404300101 Costen JB. A syndrome of ear and sinus symptoms dependent upon disturbed function of the temporomandibular joint. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1934; 43 : 1-15. Am. J. Orthod. Schmuth G.P. 84 48 1983 10.1016/0002-9416(83)90147-1 Schmuth GP. Milestones in the development and practical application of functional appliances. Am J Orthod 1983; 84 (1) : 48-53. Br. Dent. J. Littlewood S.J. 191 304 2001 Littlewood SJ, Tait AG, Mandall NA, Lewis DH. The role of removable appliances in contemporary orthodontics. Br Dent J 2001; 191 (6) : 304-306, 309-310. Sleep Ferguson K.A. 29 244 2006 10.1093/sleep/29.2.244 Ferguson KA, Cartwright R, Rogers R, Schmidt-Nowara W. Oral appliances for snoring and obstructive sleep apnea: A review. Sleep 2006; 29 (2) : 244-62. Dent. Clin. North Am. Merrill R.L. 56 415 2012 10.1016/j.cden.2012.01.004 Merrill RL. Temporomandibular disorder pain and dental treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. Dent Clin North Am 2012; 56 (2) : 415-31. Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med. Dao T.T. 9 345 1998 10.1177/10454411980090030701 Dao TT, Lavigne GJ. Oral splints: the crutches for temporomandibular disorders and bruxism? Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 1998; 9 (3) : 345-61. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. Clark G.T. 108 359 1984 10.14219/jada.archive.1984.0010 Clark GT. A critical evaluation of orthopedic interocclusal appliance therapy: Design, theory, and overall effectiveness. J Am Dent Assoc 1984; 108 (3) : 359-64. J. Prosthet. Dent. Sears V.H. 6 332 1956 10.1016/0022-3913(56)90053-1 Sears VH. Occlusal pivots. J Prosthet Dent 1956; 6 : 332-8. Br. Dent. J. Watt D.M. 132 110 1972 10.1038/sj.bdj.4802805 Watt DM, Lindsay KN. Occlusal pivot appliances. Br Dent J 1972; 132 (3) : 110-2. Int. J. Adult Orthodon. Orthognath. Surg. Koury M.E. 6 81 1991 Koury ME, Epker BN. The aged face: The facial manifestations of aging. Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg 1991; 6 (2) : 81-95. Facial Plast. Surg. Beer K. 25 281 2009 10.1055/s-0029-1243075 Beer K, Beer J. Overview of facial aging. Facial Plast Surg 2009; 25 (5) : 281-4. Br. J. Dermatol. Yaar M. 157 874 2007 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08108.x Yaar M, Gilchrest BA. Photoageing: Mechanism, prevention and therapy. Br J Dermatol 2007; 157 (5) : 874-87. Med. Pregl. Levakov A. 65 191 2012 10.2298/MPNS1206191L Levakov A, Vucković N, Dolai M, Kaćanski MM, Bozanić S. Age-related skin changes. Med Pregl 2012; 65 (5-6) : 191-5. Curr. Opin. Cosmet. Dent. Garner J.K. 4 76 1997 Garner JK. Nonsurgical facelifts via cosmetic dentistry: Fact or fiction. Curr Opin Cosmet Dent 1997; 4 : 76-80. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. Coward T.J. 31 244 2002 10.1054/ijom.2001.0152 Coward TJ, Scott BJ, Watson RM, Richards R. Identifying the position of an ear from a laser scan: The significance for planning rehabilitation. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2002; 31 (3) : 244-51. Knuth AD. The art of computer programming Fundamental algorithms 3rd ed. 1997. Br. Dent. J. Wilks C.G. 175 88 1993 10.1038/sj.bdj.4808235 Wilks CG. Treatment of a dental phobic with pronounced aversion to rubber gloves by swallowing relaxation in two appointments. Br Dent J 1993; 175 (3) : 88-9. Br. Dent. J. Mohindra N.K. 192 164 2002 10.1038/sj.bdj.4801324 Mohindra NK, Bulman JS. The effect of increasing vertical dimension of occlusion on facial aesthetics. Br Dent J 2002; 192 (3) : 164-8. Eur. J. Orthod. Grünheid T. 31 596 2009 10.1093/ejo/cjp093 Grünheid T, Langenbach GE, Korfage JA, Zentner A, van Eijden TM. The adaptive response of jaw muscles to varying functional demands. Eur J Orthod 2009; 31 (6) : 596-612. Eur. J. Oral Sci. Lewis M.P. 109 209 2001 10.1034/j.1600-0722.2001.00021.x Lewis MP, Machell JRA, Hunt NP, Sinanan ACM, Tippett HL. The extracellular matrix of muscle--implications for manipulation of the craniofacial musculature. Eur J Oral Sci 2001; 109 (4) : 209-21. Br Dent. J. Thexton A.J. 173 197 1992 Thexton AJ. Mastication and swallowing: An overview. Br Dent J 1992; 173 : 197-206. J. Dent. Res. Anderson DJ 36 21 1957 Anderson DJ, Picton DC. Tooth contact during chewing. J Dent Res 1957; 36 : 21-6. J. Stomat. Occ. Med. Slavicek G. 3 29 2010 10.1007/s12548-010-0044-6 Slavicek G. Human mastication. J Stomat Occ Med 2010; 3 : 29-41. J. Oral Rehabil. Dahlström L. 11 277 1984 10.1111/j.1365-2842.1984.tb00577.x Dahlström L, Carlsson SG. Treatment of mandibular dysfunction: The clinical usefulness of biofeedback in relation to splint therapy. J Oral Rehabil 1984; 11 (3) : 277-84. J. Craniomandib. Disord. Lund J.P. 3 125 1989 Lund JP, Widmer CG. Evaluation of the use of surface electromyography in the diagnosis, documentation, and treatment of dental patients. J Craniomandib Disord 1989; 3 (3) : 125-37. Br. Dent. J. Needham R. 215 E1 2013 10.1038/sj.bdj.2013.653 Needham R, Davies SJ. Use of the Grindcare® device in the management of nocturnal bruxism: A pilot study. Br Dent J 2013; 215 (1) : E1. Rejuvenation Res. Goldspink G. 10 397 2007 10.1089/rej.2007.0597 Goldspink G. Loss of muscle strength during aging studied at the gene level. Rejuvenation Res 2007; 10 (3) : 397-405. Gerodontology McComas A.J. 15 3 1998 10.1111/j.1741-2358.1998.00003.x McComas AJ. Oro-facial muscles: Internal structure, function and ageing. Gerodontology 1998; 15 (1) : 3-14. Acta Physiol. Scand. Monemi M. 167 339 1999 10.1046/j.1365-201x.1999.00625.x Monemi M, Kadi F, Liu JX, Thornell LE, Eriksson PO. Adverse changes in fibre type and myosin heavy chain compositions of human jaw muscle vs. limb muscle during ageing. Acta Physiol Scand 1999; 167 (4) : 339-45. J. Aging Res. Goldspink G. 2012 Goldspink G. Age related loss of muscle mass and strength. J Aging Res 2012. 2012: 158279 Enlow DH. The Human Face 1968. Aesthetic Plast Surg. Mendelson B 4 753 2012 10.1007/s00266-012-9904-3 Mendelson B, Wong CH. Changes in the facial skeleton with aging: Implications and clinical applications in facial rejuvenation. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2012; 4 : 753-60 M. Aesthetic Plast. Surg. Sharabi S.E. 34 603 2010 10.1007/s00266-010-9519-5 Sharabi SE, Hatef DA, Koshy JC, Hollier LH Jr, Yaremchuk MJ. Mechanotransduction: The missing link in the facial aging puzzle? Aesthetic Plast Surg 2010; 34 (5) : 603-11. Rhinology Prokopakis E.P. 51 18 2013 Prokopakis EP, Vlastos IM, Picavet VA, et al. The golden ratio in facial symmetry. Rhinology 2013; 51 (1) : 18-21. Lancet Finniss D.G. 375 686 2010 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61706-2 Finniss DG, Kaptchuk TJ, Miller F, Benedetti F. Biological, clinical, and ethical advances of placebo effects. Lancet 2010; 375 (9715) : 686-95. Nat. Med. Tracey I. 16 1277 2010 10.1038/nm.2229 Tracey I. Getting the pain you expect: mechanisms of placebo, nocebo and reappraisal effects in humans. Nat Med 2010; 16 (11) : 1277-83. J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol. Liccardi G. 14 104 2004 Liccardi G, Senna G, Russo M, et al. Evaluation of the nocebo effect during oral challenge in patients with adverse drug reactions. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2004; 14 (2) : 104-7.