TODENTJ-25-03-2019_TODENTJ-12-1091 1553507676 Bentham Open doi@benthamopen.net Bentham Open The Open Dentistry Journal TODENTJ 1874-2106 12 31 2018 12 1 Darin Jalloul Jamal Al Abdullah Hesham Alaffif Background: Attention was paid to the chemical properties of bioactive materials, and the reaction that could occur on their surface. Objective: The evaluation of the chemical properties includes the solubility, water sorption, pH changes and calcium release of two dental materials (BD and GIC). In addition, the morphological structure of each material was studied after its immersion in two different solutions, i.e. deionized water and phosphate solution. Methods: The chemical study was carried out for two sets of samples; 28 samples of each material. Samples were immersed in 10 mL of deionized water and stored at 37 °C for different times. The morphological structure and elemental analysis of BD and GIC samples were studied after immersion in the two solutions for 1, 7, 14 and 28 days. Results: Solubility of BD increased with time reaching a maximum value after 60 days (13.63 ± 2.08%). The solubility of GIC was negatively correlated with time, with a maximum value of 4.11 ± 0.47% for 3 h. The released Ca+2 ions varied between 1.0 ± 0.3 mg (3 h) and 5.3 ± 0.8 mg (60 days) for BD. However, calcium was not detected in the GIC samples. The formation of calcium hydroxy-fluorapatites and strontium-fluoro-alumino-silicate, on the surface of BD and GIC, respectively, was clarified for the first time in this study. Conclusion: A comparative study was carried out revealing the difference in the chemical properties and the morphological structure between the two studied materials. The results confirmed the biointeractivity and the bioactivity of BD and GIC. 12 31 2018 1091 1106 TODENTJ-12-1091 1 10.2174/crossmark_policy opendentistryjournal.com benthamopen.com true Peer Reviewed Single blind Checked with iThenticate 2018-08-03 2018-11-17 2018-12-12 2018-12-31 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode 10.2174/1874210601812011091 1553507676 https://opendentistryjournal.com/VOLUME/12/PAGE/1091/ https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V12/TODENTJ-12-1091/TODENTJ-12-1091.pdf https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V12/TODENTJ-12-1091/TODENTJ-12-1091.pdf https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V12/TODENTJ-12-1091/TODENTJ-12-1091.pdf https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V12/TODENTJ-12-1091/TODENTJ-12-1091.pdf https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V12/TODENTJ-12-1091/TODENTJ-12-1091.pdf https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V12/TODENTJ-12-1091/TODENTJ-12-1091.pdf https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V12/TODENTJ-12-1091/TODENTJ-12-1091.pdf https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V12/TODENTJ-12-1091/TODENTJ-12-1091.xml Izv. Him. Kouzmanova Y. 47 239 2015 Kouzmanova Y, Dimitrova I, Gentscheva G, Aleksandrov L, Markova-Velichkova M, Kovacheva D. Comparative study of the phase formation and interaction with water of calcium-silicate cements with dental applications. Izv Him 2015; 47 : 239-44. Ceram. Int. Moreno-Vargas Y.A. 43 13290 2017 10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.07.027 Moreno-Vargas YA, Luna-Arias JP, Flores-Flores JO, Orozco E, Bucio L. Hydration reactions and physicochemical properties in a novel tricalcium-dicalcium silicate-based cement containing hydroxyapatite nanoparticles and calcite: A comparative study. Ceram Int 2017; 43 (16) : 13290-8. Clin. Oral Investig. Ashofteh Yazdi K. 1 2018 Ashofteh Yazdi K, Ghabraei S, Bolhari B, et al. Microstructure and chemical analysis of four calcium silicate-based cements in different environmental conditions. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 1-10. PLoS One Loison-Robert L.S. 13 e0190014 2018 10.1371/journal.pone.0190014 Loison-Robert LS, Tassin M, Bonte E, et al. In vitro effects of two silicate-based materials, Biodentine and BioRoot RCS, on dental pulp stem cells in models of reactionary and reparative dentinogenesis. PLoS One 2018; 13 (1) : e0190014. Open Dent. J. Omrani L.R. 10 720 2016 10.2174/1874210601610010720 Omrani LR, Sabouri P, Abbasi M, Ahmadi E, Ghavam M. Shear bond strength of two types of glass ionomer to bleached dentin: Effect of delayed bonding and antioxidant agent. Open Dent J 2016; 10 : 720-7. Eur. J. Oral Sci. van Dijken J.W. 104 64 1996 10.1111/j.1600-0722.1996.tb00047.x van Dijken JW. Four-year evaluation of the effect of 10% polyacrylic acid or water rinsing pretreatment on retention of glass polyalkenoate cement. Eur J Oral Sci 1996; 104 (1) : 64-6. Chem. Spec. Bioavail. Potin-Gautier M. 9 95 1997 10.1080/09542299.1997.11083293 Potin-Gautier M, Dupuis V, Castetbon A, Moya F. Solubility and disintegration of a glass ionomer cement. Chem Spec Bioavail 1997; 9 (3) : 95-9. J. Dent. Crisp S. 3 125 1975 10.1016/0300-5712(75)90063-9 Crisp S, Ferner AJ, Lewis BG, Wilson AD. Properties of improved glass-ionomer cement formulations. J Dent 1975; 3 (3) : 125-30. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. Wilson A.D. 21 313 1971 Wilson AD, Kent B. The glass ionomer cement, a new translucent dental filling material. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 1971; 21 (11) : 313. Mex Dent Mag. Rocha A.C.R. 19 174 2015 Rocha ACR. Padrَn GH, Garduٌo MVG, Aranda RLG. Physicochemical analysis of MTA Angelus® and Biodentine® conducted with X ray difraction, dispersive energy spectrometry, X ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscope and infrared spectroscopy. Mex Dent Mag 2015; 19 (3) : 174-80. J. Endod. Camilleri J. 40 1846 2014 10.1016/j.joen.2014.06.018 Camilleri J, Laurent P, About I. Hydration of Biodentine, Theracal LC, and a prototype tricalcium silicate-based dentin replacement material after pulp capping in entire tooth cultures. J Endod 2014; 40 (11) : 1846-54. Eur. J. Paediatr. Dent. Rajasekharan S. 15 147 2014 10.1007/s40368-014-0114-3 Rajasekharan S, Martens L, Cauwels R, Verbeeck R. Biodentine™ material characteristics and clinical applications: A review of the literature. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2014; 15 (3) : 147-58. Indian J. Dent. Res. Butt N. 25 692 2014 10.4103/0970-9290.152163 Butt N, Talwar S, Chaudhry S, Nawal RR, Yadav S, Bali A. Comparison of physical and mechanical properties of mineral trioxide aggregate and Biodentine. Indian J Dent Res 2014; 25 (6) : 692-7. Dent. Mater. Mustafa R. 34 e205 2018 10.1016/j.dental.2018.05.012 Mustafa R, Alshali RZ, Silikas N. The effect of desiccation on water sorption, solubility and hygroscopic volumetric expansion of dentine replacement materials. Dent Mater 2018; 34 (8) : e205-13. J. Appl. Oral Sci. Torres F.F.E. 26 e20170465 2018 10.1590/1678-7757-2017-0465 Torres FFE, Guerreiro-Tanomaru JM, Bosso-Martelo R, Chavez-Andrade GM, Tanomaru Filho M. Solubility, porosity and fluid uptake of calcium silicate-based cements. J Appl Oral Sci 2018; 26 : e20170465. J Adv Clinic Res Insights. Wadambe N. 4 8 2017 10.15713/ins.jcri.147 Wadambe N, Maheswari BU, Devarhubli AR. Comparison of sorption, solubility, and flexural strength of four resin luting cements in three different media: An in vitro study. J Adv Clinic Res Insights 2017; 4 : 8-12. J. Dent. Camilleri J. 41 600 2013 10.1016/j.jdent.2013.05.003 Camilleri J. Investigation of Biodentine as dentine replacement material. J Dent 2013; 41 (7) : 600-10. J. Appl. Biomater. Funct. Mater. Gandolfi M.G. 13 43 2015 10.5301/jabfm.5000201 Gandolfi MG, Siboni F, Botero T, Bossù M, Riccitiello F, Prati C. Calcium silicate and calcium hydroxide materials for pulp capping: Biointeractivity, porosity, solubility and bioactivity of current formulations. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2015; 13 (1) : 43-60. Dent. Mater. Camilleri J. 29 580 2013 10.1016/j.dental.2013.03.007 Camilleri J, Sorrentino F, Damidot D. Investigation of the hydration and bioactivity of radiopacified tricalcium silicate cement, Biodentine and MTA Angelus. Dent Mater 2013; 29 (5) : 580-93. 10.1155/2014/160951 Malkondu Ö, Kazandağ MK, Kazazoğlu E. A review on Biodentine, a contemporary dentine replacement and repair material. Biomed Res Int 2014; 2014 : 1-10. J Res Med Dent Sci. Alzraikat H. 4 121 2017 10.5455/jrmds.2016429 Alzraikat H, Taha NA, Salameh A. A comparison of physical and mechanical properties of Biodentine and Mineral Trioxide Aggregate. J Res Med Dent Sci 2017; 4 (2) : 121-6. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. Smith D.C. 112 654 1986 10.14219/jada.archive.1986.0069 Smith DC, Ruse ND. Acidity of glass ionomer cements during setting and its relation to pulp sensitivity. J Am Dent Assoc 1986; 112 (5) : 654-7. Head Face Med. Kaup M. 11 16 2015 10.1186/s13005-015-0074-9 Kaup M, Schäfer E, Dammaschke T. An in vitro study of different material properties of Biodentine compared to ProRoot MTA. Head Face Med 2015; 11 (1) : 16. Life Sci. J. Abu Zeid S.T.H. 12 18 2015 Abu Zeid STH, Alothmani OS, Yousef MK. Biodentine and mineral trioxide aggregate: An analysis of solubility, pH changes and leaching elements. Life Sci J 2015; 12 : 18-23. J. Conserv. Dent. Singh S. 18 149 2015 10.4103/0972-0707.153053 Singh S, Podar R, Dadu S, Kulkarni G, Purba R. Solubility of a new calcium silicate-based root-end filling material. J Conserv Dent 2015; 18 (2) : 149-53. J. Prosthet. Dent. Gemalmaz D. 80 474 1998 10.1016/S0022-3913(98)70014-9 Gemalmaz D, Yoruc B, Ozcan M, Alkumru HN. Effect of early water contact on solubility of glass ionomer luting cements. J Prosthet Dent 1998; 80 (4) : 474-8. J. Endod. Antunes Bortoluzzi E. 32 1194 2006 10.1016/j.joen.2006.07.018 Antunes Bortoluzzi E, Juárez Broon N, Antonio Hungaro Duarte M, de Oliveira Demarchi ACC, Monteiro Bramante C. The use of a setting accelerator and its effect on pH and calcium ion release of mineral trioxide aggregate and white Portland cement. J Endod 2006; 32 (12) : 1194-7. Cement Concr. Res. Kjellsen K.O. 26 947 2004 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2004.02.030 Kjellsen KO, Justnes H. Revisiting the microstructure of hydrated tricalcium silicate: A comparison to Portland cement. Cement Concr Res 2004; 26 (8) : 947-56. Paillere A-M. Application of admixtures in concrete 1995. Aust. Dent. J. Dawood A.E. 60 434 2015 10.1111/adj.12255 Dawood AE, Manton DJ, Parashos P, et al. The physical properties and ion release of CPP-ACP-modified calcium silicate-based cements. Aust Dent J 2015; 60 (4) : 434-44. Dent. Mater. Camilleri J. 30 709 2014 10.1016/j.dental.2014.03.012 Camilleri J. Hydration characteristics of Biodentine and Theracal used as pulp capping materials. Dent Mater 2014; 30 (7) : 709-15. Basrah J Sci. Al-Bader R.M. 33 11 2015 Al-Bader RM, Ziadan KM, Al-Ajely M. Preparation and characterization of Calcium-Fluoroaluminosilicate glass fillers for dental composite. Basrah J Sci 2015; 33 (2A) : 11-21. Aust. Dent. J. Dong Z. 56 175 2011 10.1111/j.1834-7819.2011.01321.x Dong Z, Chang J, Deng Y, Joiner A. Tricalcium silicate induced mineralization for occlusion of dentinal tubules. Aust Dent J 2011; 56 (2) : 175-80.