TODENTJ-25-03-2019_TODENTJ-10-160
1553506450
Bentham Open
doi@benthamopen.net
Bentham Open
The Open Dentistry Journal
TODENTJ
1874-2106
05
11
2016
10
1
Evaluation of the Antibacterial Efficacy of Azadirachta Indica, Commiphora Myrrha, Glycyrrhiza Glabra Against Enterococcus Faecalis using Real Time PCR
Suresh
Anand
Mathan
Rajan
Nagendrababu
Venkateshbabu
Deivanayagam
Kandaswamy
Yarramreddy
Shravya
Kalaiselvam
Rajeswari
Aim:
To compare the antibacterial efficacy of Azadirachta indica (Neem), Commiphora myrrha (Myrrh), Glycyrrhiza glabra (Liquorice) with 2% Chlorhexidine (CHX) against E. faecalis by using Real Time PCR
Materials and Methods:
A total of fifty teeth specimens (n=50) were inoculated with E. faecalis for 21 days. Specimens were divided into five groups (Group 1: Myrrh, Group 2: Neem, Group 3: Liquorice, Group 4: 2% CHX and Group 5: Saline (negative control)). The intracanal medicaments were packed inside the tooth. After 5 days, the remaining microbial load was determined by using real time PCR
Results:
Threshold cycle (Ct) values of Myrrh extract, Neem extract, Liquorice Extract, 2% CHX and saline were found to be 30.94, 23.85, 21.38, 30.93 and 17.8 respectively
Conclusion:
Myrrh extract showed inhibition of E.faecalis equal to that of 2% CHX followed by Neem, Liquorice and Saline
05
11
2016
160
165
TODENTJ-10-160
1
10.2174/crossmark_policy
opendentistryjournal.com
benthamopen.com
true
Peer Reviewed
Single blind
Checked with iThenticate
2015-12-30
2016-1-10
2016-1-28
2016-05-11
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
10.2174/1874210601610010160
1553506450
https://opendentistryjournal.com/VOLUME/10/PAGE/160/
-
https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V10/TODENTJ-10-160/TODENTJ-10-160.pdf
-
https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V10/TODENTJ-10-160/TODENTJ-10-160.pdf
-
https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V10/TODENTJ-10-160/TODENTJ-10-160.pdf
-
https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V10/TODENTJ-10-160/TODENTJ-10-160.pdf
-
https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V10/TODENTJ-10-160/TODENTJ-10-160.pdf
-
https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V10/TODENTJ-10-160/TODENTJ-10-160.pdf
-
https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V10/TODENTJ-10-160/TODENTJ-10-160.pdf
-
https://opendentistryjournal.com/contents/volumes/V10/TODENTJ-10-160/TODENTJ-10-160.xml
Scand. J. Dent. Res.
Möller Ã.J.
89
475
1981
Möller ÃJ, Fabricius L, Dahlén G, Ohman AE, Heyden G.
Influence on periapical tissues of indigenous oral bacteria and necrotic pulp tissue in monkeys.
Scand J Dent Res
1981;
89
(6)
: 475-84.
Int. Endod. J.
Sathorn C.
40
2
2007
10.1111/j.1365-2591.2006.01197.x
Sathorn C, Parashos P, Messer H.
Antibacterial efficacy of calcium hydroxide intracanal dressing: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Int Endod J
2007;
40
(1)
: 2-10.
Int. Endod. J.
Matos Neto M.
45
435
2012
10.1111/j.1365-2591.2011.01994.x
Matos Neto M, Santos SS, Leão MV, Habitante SM, Rodrigues JR, Jorge AO.
Effectiveness of three instrumentation systems to remove Enterococcus faecalis from root canals.
Int Endod J
2012;
45
(5)
: 435-8.
J. Conserv. Dent.
Kandaswamy D.
13
256
2010
10.4103/0972-0707.73378
Kandaswamy D, Venkateshbabu N.
Root canal irrigants.
J Conserv Dent
2010;
13
(4)
: 256-64.
J. Endod.
Rôças I.N.
30
315
2004
10.1097/00004770-200405000-00004
Rôças IN, Siqueira JF Jr, Santos KR.
Association of Enterococcus faecalis with different forms of periradicular diseases.
J Endod
2004;
30
(5)
: 315-20.
J. Endod.
Stuart C.H.
32
93
2006
10.1016/j.joen.2005.10.049
Stuart CH, Schwartz SA, Beeson TJ, Owatz CB.
Enterococcus faecalis: its role in root canal treatment failure and current concepts in retreatment.
J Endod
2006;
32
(2)
: 93-8.
J. Endod.
Siqueira J.F.
33
541
2007
10.1016/j.joen.2007.01.008
Siqueira JF Jr, Paiva SS, Rôças IN.
Reduction in the cultivable bacterial populations in infected root canals by a chlorhexidine-based antimicrobial protocol.
J Endod
2007;
33
(5)
: 541-7.
J. Periodontol.
Bodet C.
79
1752
2008
10.1902/jop.2008.080052
Bodet C, La VD, Gafner S, Bergeron C, Grenier D.
A licorice extract reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced proinflammatory cytokine secretion by macrophages and whole blood.
J Periodontol
2008;
79
(9)
: 1752-61.
Am. Clin. Lab.
Bean P.
21
19
2002
Bean P.
The use of alternative medicine in the treatment of hepatitis C.
Am Clin Lab
2002;
21
(4)
: 19-21.
Biol. Pharm. Bull.
Lee C.K.
30
2191
2007
10.1248/bpb.30.2191
Lee CK, Park KK, Lim SS, Park JH, Chung WY.
Effects of the licorice extract against tumor growth and cisplatin-induced toxicity in a mouse xenograft model of colon cancer.
Biol Pharm Bull
2007;
30
(11)
: 2191-5.
Anticancer Drugs
Lee S.
19
503
2008
10.1097/CAD.0b013e3282fba582
Lee S, Oh H-M, Lim W-B, et al.
Gene induction by glycyrol to apoptosis through endonuclease G in tumor cells and prediction of oncogene function by microarray analysis.
Anticancer Drugs
2008;
19
(5)
: 503-15.
Curr. Med. Chem. Anticancer Agents
Subapriya R.
5
149
2005
10.2174/1568011053174828
Subapriya R, Nagini S.
Medicinal properties of neem leaves: a review.
Curr Med Chem Anticancer Agents
2005;
5
(2)
: 149-6.
J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci.
Rao D.S.
6
S140
2014
Rao DS, Penmatsa T, Kumar AK, Reddy MN, Gautam NS, Gautam NR.
Antibacterial activity of aqueous extracts of Indian chewing sticks on dental plaque: An in vitro study.
J Pharm Bioallied Sci
2014;
6
(1)
(Suppl. 1)
: S140-5.
Lett. Appl. Microbiol.
Bharitkar Y.P.
58
184
2014
10.1111/lam.12174
Bharitkar YP, Bathini S, Ojha D, et al.
Antibacterial and antiviral evaluation of sulfonoquinovosyldiacylglyceride: a glycolipid isolated from Azadirachta indica leaves.
Lett Appl Microbiol
2014;
58
(2)
: 184-9.
Biologic Res
Mahilrajan S.
47
35
2014
10.1186/0717-6287-47-35
Mahilrajan S, Nandakumar J, Kailayalingam R, Manoharan NA.
SriVijeindran S. Screening the antifungal activity of essential oils against decay fungi from palmyrah leaf handicrafts.
Biologic Res
2014;
47
: 35.
Enz Inhib
Rao A.
14
85
1998
10.3109/14756369809036547
Rao A, Devi K, Thyagaraju K.
Ayurtox for body Detoxification.
Enz Inhib
1998;
14
: 85-6.
Planta Med Phytothe
Tidjani M.
23
259
1989
Tidjani M, Dupont C, Wepierre J.
Antiinflammatory activity of Azadirachta indica.
Planta Med Phytothe
1989;
23
: 259-66.
J. Ethnopharmacol.
Dhar R.
61
31
1998
10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00012-9
Dhar R, Zhang K, Talwar GP, Garg S, Kumar N.
Inhibition of the growth and development of asexual and sexual stages of drug-sensitive and resistant strains of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum by Neem (Azadirachta indica) fractions.
J Ethnopharmacol
1998;
61
(1)
: 31-9.
Biomed. Pap. Med. Fac. Univ. Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub.
Hanuš L.O.
149
3
2005
10.5507/bp.2005.001
Hanuš LO, Řezanka T, Dembitsky VM, Moussaieff A.
Myrrh-Commiphora chemistry.
Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub
2005;
149
(1)
: 3-27.
Toxicol.
Tipton D.A.
20
248
In Vitro 2006
10.1016/j.tiv.2005.07.004
Tipton DA, Hamman NR, Dabbous MKh.
Effect of myrrh oil on IL-1beta stimulation of NF-kappaB activation and PGE(2) production in human gingival fibroblasts and epithelial cells.
Toxicol
In Vitro 2006;
20
(2)
: 248-55.
Nature
Dolara P.
379
29
1996
10.1038/379029a0
Dolara P, Luceri C, Ghelardini C, et al.
Analgesic effects of myrrh.
Nature
1996;
379
(6560)
: 29.
J. Ethnopharmacol.
Su S.
134
251
2011
10.1016/j.jep.2010.12.003
Su S, Wang T, Duan J-A, et al.
Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of different extracts of Commiphora myrrha.
J Ethnopharmacol
2011;
134
(2)
: 251-8.
Planta Med.
Dolara P.
66
356
2000
10.1055/s-2000-8532
Dolara P, Corte B, Ghelardini C, et al.
Local anaesthetic, antibacterial and antifungal properties of sesquiterpenes from myrrh.
Planta Med
2000;
66
(4)
: 356-8.
Phytother. Res.
Shoemaker M.
19
649
2005
10.1002/ptr.1702
Shoemaker M, Hamilton B, Dairkee SH, Cohen I, Campbell MJ.
In vitro anticancer activity of twelve Chinese medicinal herbs.
Phytother Res
2005;
19
(7)
: 649-51.
Fitoterapia
Boyraz N.
76
661
2005
10.1016/j.fitote.2005.08.016
Boyraz N, Ozcan M.
Antifungal effect of some spice hydrosols.
Fitoterapia
2005;
76
(7-8)
: 661-5.
J. Conserv. Dent.
Vinothkumar T.S.
16
167
2013
10.4103/0972-0707.108208
Vinothkumar TS, Rubin MI, Balaji L, Kandaswamy D.
In vitro evaluation of five different herbal extracts as an antimicrobial endodontic irrigant using real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction.
J Conserv Dent
2013;
16
(2)
: 167-70.
Int. Endod. J.
Badr A.E.
44
51
2011
10.1111/j.1365-2591.2010.01794.x
Badr AE, Omar N, Badria FA.
A laboratory evaluation of the antibacterial and cytotoxic effect of Liquorice when used as root canal medicament.
Int Endod J
2011;
44
(1)
: 51-8.
Int. Endod. J.
Kandaswamy D.
43
419
2010
10.1111/j.1365-2591.2010.01696.x
Kandaswamy D, Venkateshbabu N, Gogulnath D, Kindo AJ.
Dentinal tubule disinfection with 2% chlorhexidine gel, propolis, morinda citrifolia juice, 2% povidone iodine, and calcium hydroxide.
Int Endod J
2010;
43
(5)
: 419-23.
Eur. J. Dent.
Endo M.S.
7
302
2013
10.4103/1305-7456.115414
Endo MS, Ferraz CC, Zaia AA, Almeida JF, Gomes BP.
Quantitative and qualitative analysis of microorganisms in root-filled teeth with persistent infection: Monitoring of the endodontic retreatment.
Eur J Dent
2013;
7
(3)
: 302-9.
Eur. J. Dent.
Winfred S.B.
8
254
2014
10.4103/1305-7456.130626
Winfred SB, Meiyazagan G, Panda JJ, et al.
Antimicrobial activity of cationic peptides in endodontic procedures.
Eur J Dent
2014;
8
(2)
: 254-60.
Phytother. Res.
Claeson P.
6
94
1992
10.1002/ptr.2650060209
Claeson P, Rådström P, Sköld O.
Nilsson Ãs, Höglund S. Bactericidal effect of the sesquiterpene T-cadinol on Staphylococcus aureus.
Phytother Res
1992;
6
(2)
: 94-8.
Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm.
Carlo Ceschel G.
32
53
2006
10.1080/03639040500388300
Carlo Ceschel G, Bergamante V, Calabrese V, Biserni S, Ronchi C, Fini A.
Design and evaluation in vitro of controlled release mucoadhesive tablets containing chlorhexidine.
Drug Dev Ind Pharm
2006;
32
(1)
: 53-61.
Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol.
Delany G.M.
53
518
1982
10.1016/0030-4220(82)90469-8
Delany GM, Patterson SS, Miller CH, Newton CW.
The effect of chlorhexidine gluconate irrigation on the root canal flora of freshly extracted necrotic teeth.
Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol
1982;
53
(5)
: 518-23.
J. Endod.
Yesilsoy C.
21
513
1995
10.1016/S0099-2399(06)80524-8
Yesilsoy C, Whitaker E, Cleveland D, Phillips E, Trope M.
Antimicrobial and toxic effects of established and potential root canal irrigants.
J Endod
1995;
21
(10)
: 513-5.
Curr. Sci.
Bandyopadhyay U.
82
1336
2002
Bandyopadhyay U, Biswas K, Chattopadhyay I, Banerjee R.
Biological activities and medicinal properties of neem (Azadirachta Indica).
Curr Sci
2002;
82
: 1336-45.
Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia
Badria F.
1
93
2003
Badria F, Houssen W, El-Nashar E, Said S.
Biochemical and histopathological evaluation of Glycyrrhizin and Boswellia carterii extract on rat liver injury.
Biosci Biotechnol Res Asia
2003;
1
(2)
: 93-6.
Phytother. Res.
Avato P.
20
454
2006
10.1002/ptr.1876
Avato P, Bucci R, Tava A, et al.
Antimicrobial activity of saponins from Medicago sp.: structure-activity relationship.
Phytother Res
2006;
20
(6)
: 454-7.
Phytochemistry
Haraguchi H.
48
125
1998
10.1016/S0031-9422(97)01105-9
Haraguchi H, Tanimoto K, Tamura Y, Mizutani K, Kinoshita T.
Mode of antibacterial action of retrochalcones from Glycyrrhiza inflata.
Phytochemistry
1998;
48
(1)
: 125-9.