A Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) Study of Root Anatomy, Canal Morphology and Bilateral Symmetry of Permanent Maxillary Premolar Teeth Among the Qatari Subpopulation

2.1. Selection of the Sample

The protection of human subjects was carefully considered in this study. Data was collected retrospectively from patients’ records. The study did not require dealing directly with human subjects. Patients’ personal information, such as names and personal identification numbers, were not collected because they were not required; codes have been used instead. Anonymity was preserved during all study phases. All data had been appropriately destroyed when the study was completed. Furthermore, this retrospective descriptive study was performed with the approval of the Medical Research Centre (MRC) and the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC) (Approval #17228/17), which carefully reviewed the protection of human subjects before providing their approval.

Five hundred forty-four CBCT images of Qatari patients were analyzed in this study who attended Hamad Dental Services (Hamad Dental Centre, Al Wakrah Hospital, and Al Khor Hospital) between 2014 and 2016 for different treatment purposes.

The teeth were selected according to the following inclusion criteria: (1) Permanent teeth with fully developed roots; (2) No intracanal or extra radicular restorations; (3) No apical lesions; (4) Canals without calcification or resorption; (5) Clear CBCT images with no distortion. When one of these criteria was not fit, the teeth were excluded, and the reasons for exclusion were documented.

2.2. Cone-Beam Computed Tomography:

CBCT images were taken using a D -CAT scanner (Imaging Sciences International, Hatfield, PA, USA) operated at 120 KVp(eff) tube voltage, 20 mA tube current with 14.7s scanning time, 0.4 to 0.2 mm voxel size, and a field of view of 160 mm x 40 mm. After the acquisition, data was transferred to Infinitt Dental PACS (Infinitt Healthcare, Seoul, South Korea) as DICOM files, and these files were not anonymized, exported with the patient’s data.

2.3. Image Investigation:

The CBCT images were inspected by two endodontists (N.M and A.D) who had at least 10 years of experience, independently. During the examination, the reviewers were instructed to view the images through the sagittal, coronal, and axial views. Magnification, enhancement, and brightness were applied when needed using the Infinitt software (Infinitt Healthcare, Seoul, South Korea, version 11.4) and Xelis Dental 3D Viewer software (Seoul, South Korea, version 1.0) to extract the required information. To calculate interexaminer and intraexaminer agreement, 20% of the images were evaluated by each viewer alone and twice in a three weeks intervals.

Data about the age and gender of the patient; inclusion or exclusion and the reason for exclusion; type and location of the tooth; the number of roots and canals in each root; canal type according to Vertucci classification [5] were recorded. Any root canal configuration with a different classification from those presented by Vertucci was documented as ‘other’. Any incidental findings such as the presence of anatomical variations and congenital anomalies or pathologic changes were documented as well.

The number of roots was analyzed from the axial plan of CBCT image, according to Pecora et al. [12], single-rooted teeth: teeth with a single or fused root despite the number of canals; double-rooted: teeth with two roots regardless they were complete or partial; three-rooted: teeth with three separated roots at any position along with buccal or palatal roots.

2.4. Statistical Analysis

The statistical analysis was processed using Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) version 20 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL). A descriptive analysis was used to record the characteristics of the root anatomy and root canal configuration of the permanent teeth, including frequency, percentages, mean, and standard deviation.

A chi-square test was used to evaluate the relationship between gender and the number of roots. A Kappa agreement analysis was performed to calculate the interexaminer and intraexaminer agreement between the raters.

3.1. Maxillary First Premolars (MFP)

A total of 442 (40.6%) maxillary first premolars were included in this study of 1088 teeth. Most of MFP were from female patients (62.7%) when compared to male patients (37.3%). The average age was 35.7 years, ranging from 11 to 79 (Table 1).

3.1.2. Root Canal Morphology

In single-rooted MFP, the prevalence of a single canal was 50.4% and the prevalence of two canals was 49.6% (Table 2). The most common root canal configuration in the single-rooted MFP is type II (25%), followed by type IV (22.7%), type III (21%), and type I (20.2%). Other classifications such as type V, VI, (7.6%, 1.6% respectively) were also observed in single-rooted MFP in lesser quantities (Table 4).

In two-rooted MFP, root canal configuration was found to be mainly type I in both buccal and palatal roots (BI, PI) in 97% of the sample. The other variations found include Buccal type III Vertucci classification combined with palatal type I Vertucci classification (BIII, PI) in 1%, (BV, PI) in 0.3%, (BVII, PI) in 0.3%, and (B1, PV) in 0.3% (Table 4).

Table 2.

Number of roots	Single-Rooted	Double-Rooted	Three-Rooted
	1 Canal	2 Canals	2 Canals	3 Canals
MFP no (%) Total: 442	60 (50.4)	59 (49.6)	312 (100)	11 (100)
MSP no (%) Total:408	287 (83)	57 (16)	64 (100)	0 (0)

Table 3.

MFP	MSP
Number of roots		One Root	Two Roots	Three Roots	One Root	Two Roots
Female no (%)	92 (33.2%)		177 (63.9%)	8 (2.9%)	228 (90.5%)	24 (9.5%)
Male no (%)	27 (16.4%)		135 (81.8%)	3 (1.8%)	116 (74.4%)	40 (25.6%)
P-value	0.0001		0.0001	0.485	<0.0001	<0.0001

Table 4.

Single- rooted
Vertucci classification		I	II	III	IV	V	VI	other
MFP no (%)	24 (20.2)		30 (25)	25 (21)	27 (22.7)	9 (7.6)	2(1.6)	2(1.6)
MSP no (%)	147 (42)		30 (8.7)	93 (27)	20 (5.8)	44 (12.7)	6 (1.7)	4 (1.1)
Double- rooted Three- rooted
Vertucci classification	BI, PI		BIII, PI	BV, PI	BVII, PI	B1, PV	MBI, DBI, PI
MFP no (%)	304 (97)		5 (1)	1 (0.3)	1(0.3)	1 (0.3)	11 (100)
MSP no (%)	64 (100)		0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)

In three-rooted MFP, type I Vertucci classification was observed for all the roots, mesiobuccal, distobuccal, and palatal (MBI, DBI, PI) 100% (Fig. 1).

3.2. Maxillary Second Premolars (MSP)

The number of maxillary second premolars included in this study was 408 teeth out of 1088 (37.5%). Female patients represented 252 of the teeth (61%) compared to 156 (38.2%) teeth from male patients. The average age of the patients included in the analysis was 34.1 years, ranging from 12 to 79 (Table 1).

4.1. Maxillary First Premolars (MFP)

In the current study, the majority of MFP had two roots in 70.6% of the cases; this was similar to many studies conducted in different populations in America [4, 14], Andalusia [15], Turkey [16], Jordan [17], Spain [15, 18], Saudi Arabia [19, 20], Germany [21], Russia [22], Brazil [23] and Pakistan [24]. However, other studies reported a higher prevalence of single-rooted MFP than two-rooted, such as in the Chinese [25, 26], Brazilian [12], and Indian [27, 28] populations.

The three-rooted MFP was observed in 11% of our sample. This is following previous reports [15, 21, 29] that showed a percentage of 9% and higher. On the contrary, some studies reported incredibly low incidents, which range from 0% to 6 [4, 12, 14, 16-19, 23, 26, 28, 30-32]. The discrepancies in the results of these studies might be attributed to differences in the ethnic group, methodology, sample size, variance in interpretation, and resolution between CBCT and other techniques used.

As a result, MFP with two roots might be associated with challenges during tooth extraction, orthodontic movement, and endodontic treatment. Therefore, the endodontist should extend the access cavity thoroughly to avoid missing the palatal root in two-rooted teeth and be aware that there is a possibility of three roots during access preparation.

All observed two-rooted MFP, was with two canals; this is in line with other studies [3, 4, 33] that reported a high prevalence of two canals in MFP, ranging between 73.3% to 92%.

Different types of Vertucci classification were observed for the single-rooted MFP, compared to two-and three-rooted MFP.As a result, the endodontist should never underestimate the complex canal anatomy of these single-rooted teeth. However, other studies [14, 18, 20, 21, 23, 34-36] have reported that type IV is more frequent in MFP.

In comparison with a single-rooted MFP, type I was the only configuration investigated in three-rooted MFP, and the same type predominates in the MFP with two roots (97%) which disagree with others [14] who have reported that type III is more in two-rooted MFP and type VI in three-rooted MFP.

4.2. Maxillary Second Premolars (MSP)

According to the current study, most MSP was from a single root (84%). Similar results, which are 80% and more have been reported in other studies [12, 18, 23, 24, 27, 37].

No incident was identified for the MSP with three roots in the Qatari population, although other studies [16, 18, 38] have reported incidents of three roots but in small numbers. The prevalence of a single canal in MSP is high (83%) in this paper. This is consistent with previous findings such as [20, 35, 39], but it contrasts with other studies that found two canals frequently occur in the MSP [16, 21, 40].

The most common Vertucci classification observed in single and two-rooted MSP was a type I, this is in agreement with other studies that have reported the same root canal configuration [10, 16, 18, 20, 23, 34, 37]. On the other hand, type IV [35, 36, 38, 40] and type V (2-1) [40, 21] have been reported in the literature.

4.3. Symmetry

Few studies have investigated the degree of symmetry in root canal morphology in contralateral premolars [25, 41, 42]. Johnsen et al. [42] found a high prevalence of general symmetry between mandibular and maxillary premolars. In contrast to other studies [43], a low prevalence of symmetry between premolar teeth has been reported. Tian et al., 2012 [25] investigated canal configuration in a small sample of CBCT images for MFP, and reported 64% of bilateral similarities. However, this discrepancy might be attributed to the variation in the methodology and sample size in these studies.

In the present study, bilateral MFP teeth had a symmetrical pattern in the number of roots/canals and types of canal configuration. These results were similar to the study by Y.-h. Li et al. [39] who identified symmetry among MFP in the root and canal numbers by 80% and 72% in root canal configuration.

In comparison with MSP, bilateral symmetry was high among the number of roots, and the number of canals per root, but drops to (54%) for the types of canal configuration. This result was quite different from studies in a Chinese population [39] that have been reported the bilateral symmetry in the type of canal configuration is much higher (73.3%).

MFP was found to be more symmetrical than MSP in the root canal configuration, compared to other studies, such as Y.-h. Li et al. [39], reported that anatomical similarities are greater for MSP than MFP. Similarly, Felsypremila et al. [41] showed the same percentage of symmetry between maxillary first (81.5%) and second (81.5%) premolars.

4.4. Gender and Number of Roots

In the present study, the Chi-square test (P< 0.05) showed a significant association between gender and the number of roots in both MFP and MSP, with a higher number of two roots in male than female patients (Table 3). Similar results have been reported among the Portuguese population [44]. However, other studies have investigated no association between the number of roots and sex [18, 20].

4.5. Limitations

This paper is not without limitations. CBCT can be considered a diagnostic tool to study root canal anatomy and root canal morphology, although when compared to micro-CT images, micro-CT can provide a higher resolution and more detailed information on the external and internal anatomy of the teeth [40]. However, CBCT is suitable for clinical uses. Moreover, the voxel size used in the current study may not be ideal for endodontic assessment, as CBCT records were taken for different treatment purposes, not exclusively for endodontic reasons, and collected retrospectively to avoid radiation exposure.

Furthermore, this study was based on Vertucci classification, which does not address the number or configuration of the root(s) in maxillary premolars [45], and many unidentified anatomical configurations have been reported [46]. However, Vertucci’s classification is widely used by many investigators, which means the results in the current study can be compared with other reports.

Future studies could be conducted with a bigger sample size by using a noninvasive, three-dimensional imaging system based on the Standardized Protocol for reporting root and canal anatomy [47]. In addition, a new coding system could be used [45] to describe root canal anatomy more accurately and overcome the limitations of other classification systems.